Introduction
Summary of the Book The Dying Citizen by Victor Davis Hanson. Before moving forward, let’s take a quick look at the book. Imagine a country built on promises of liberty and fairness, now drifting into troubled waters. Picture ordinary people who once shaped their communities now feeling powerless as wealth gaps widen and outside forces tug at national unity. In such a world, shared values fade, ethnic divisions reappear, and powerful insiders push their agendas behind closed doors. At the same time, a global chorus demands that America share its wealth, resources, and influence, often without the approval of its own citizens. How did we get here, and what does it mean for the future of democracy? Through these chapters, we journey into the heart of America’s crises—economic struggles, cultural unraveling, deep-rooted corruption, and external pressures—revealing how each threat chips away at the fragile idea of a truly free and equal society.
Chapter 1: How Ancient Greek Roots Shaped the Vital Middle Class Pillar of Democracy.
Imagine stepping back in time to Ancient Greece, walking through stone-paved streets warmed by the Mediterranean sun. In this world, ideas about governing people were new and fresh, like the scent of ripe olives. The citizens were not all equal in wealth; there were the very rich, the very poor, and the many who stood in between. Philosophers observed that true democratic energy came from those in the middle—farmers who tended their own vineyards, olive groves, and fields, people who produced enough to live well without being idle or greedy. They saw that those with moderate wealth had something special: the freedom to think critically and invest time in public life, yet the need to work hard kept them grounded. From these balanced citizens grew the earliest seeds of a stable, enduring democracy.
These middle-class landowners were not so wealthy as to float above the concerns of ordinary life, nor were they so poor as to be vulnerable to the anger and desperation that often lead to chaos. Their place in the social order gave them the unique ability to resist manipulation by smooth-talking elites who promised easy riches or by fiery demagogues who demanded blind loyalty. Instead, they supported laws that protected basic rights, property ownership, and fair representation. This was no accident. The leading thinkers of the time believed that if you wanted citizens to make wise decisions, you needed a balanced group at society’s core—people who could think independently because they were not crushed by poverty, and who cared enough to improve their communities because they were not made lazy by extreme wealth.
When these middle-class citizens organized politically, they helped shape a system that did not favor only a small group on top. Instead, they championed laws that treated citizens more equally. They looked for ways to ensure everyone had a voice, not just those at the peaks of wealth or those who could be easily tricked by false promises. They invested their time in understanding issues, forging compromises, and seeing the long-term value in stable government. In this balanced environment, democracy truly blossomed. The idea that regular, hardworking people could influence the direction of their nation was a revolutionary concept—an original spark that centuries later would guide modern countries in forming their own representative systems.
These lessons from Ancient Greece remind us that democracy is healthiest when rooted in a strong, stable group of people who have enough resources and freedom to think for themselves but are not too distant from everyday struggles. This balanced group, known as the middle class, is like a sturdy bridge connecting extremes of wealth and poverty. That bridge prevents society from splitting apart. Ancient Greeks understood that if the middle ground collapses, you end up with two dangerous poles: the wealthy who shape policies to serve themselves and the poor who are too desperate to resist manipulative leaders. Even now, thousands of years later, the fate of democracy often hinges on whether a strong, engaged, and self-sustaining middle class continues to stand firmly at society’s core.
Chapter 2: Understanding Modern America’s Economic Downfall as Its Middle Class Slowly Vanishes.
Fast forward to the present day, and look around the United States. What the Ancient Greeks feared is now quietly unfolding on American soil. The broad, stable middle ground that once formed the backbone of a thriving democracy is shrinking, leaving behind stark differences between the very rich and the struggling poor. This erosion of the middle class is not just about losing a comfortable lifestyle; it cuts into the heart of democratic values. When fewer people hold decent-paying jobs that support homeownership, savings, and education for their children, they lose the power to participate meaningfully in civic life. Instead, they find themselves one unexpected medical bill or a sudden rent increase away from falling into a deep financial hole, and that vulnerability weakens their ability to stand up for their rights.
Today, many hardworking Americans struggle to make ends meet as wages remain stagnant and the cost of living keeps climbing. They may work long hours but find it impossible to save for the future. They rent cramped apartments instead of owning homes, unsure if they can afford next month’s rent. This new reality creates a peasant-like class—individuals who depend on a paycheck-to-paycheck existence, with little hope of building security. Without the stability of property or savings, it becomes harder to engage in the political process. Participation in town hall meetings, school boards, and local elections drops off because survival takes priority. Caught in a constant state of worry, it’s difficult for these modern peasants to defend their interests or press for policies that would help them climb into the middle class.
As the middle class thins out, a dangerous gap widens between the wealthy few and the economically insecure many. Drive around prestigious universities or stroll through neighborhoods close to elite tech companies, and you’ll see gleaming cars, luxurious homes, and people who seem to have limitless options. Then, just a short distance away, you might find entire communities living in cramped trailers, older cars doubling as bedrooms, and workers juggling multiple low-wage jobs. This growing divide represents not just unfairness but a serious threat to democratic health. When those at the top have ever more influence over policies, and those at the bottom feel powerless and unheard, resentment festers. Democracy thrives when people from various backgrounds feel they have equal stakes in their country’s future, but with a dwindling middle class, that unity is at risk.
It’s vital to recognize that the decay of the middle class is not simply an economic blip. It affects how people see themselves as citizens. Without financial stability, individuals become less confident about challenging corruption, speaking against unjust policies, or demanding accountability from their leaders. Instead, they may remain silent or become easy targets for politicians who use fear or anger to gain support. The middle class, once celebrated for its independence and civic spirit, is now under immense pressure. And as it continues to shrink, the very idea of a people-powered democracy suffers. Restoring a robust middle class means more than improving paychecks; it means restoring the heart of democracy itself, ensuring that ordinary Americans can once again confidently shape the direction of their nation.
Chapter 3: Once a Nation of Immigrants, Now Struggling to Keep a Shared Identity Alive.
The United States has long prided itself on being a country of immigrants, a place where people from many lands could come together, find common ground, and share a dream. In the 19th and early 20th centuries, millions journeyed across oceans for greater freedom and opportunity. Italians, Irish, Germans, Chinese, Mexicans, and countless others blended their traditions into a unique American culture. Although these groups were different, they learned a shared language—English—and gradually embraced the values of fairness, personal liberty, and equality spelled out in the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution. This slow but steady merging created a nation that proved diversity could become strength when guided by shared principles. This common identity gave purpose and prevented the formation of dangerous divisions based on race, religion, or birthplace.
America’s success story depended on newcomers agreeing to certain sacrifices. They learned English and adopted many customs from the New World, so their children and grandchildren could feel fully included as Americans. Rather than living forever in separate cultural bubbles, these immigrants became part of one big family. This process was imperfect and took time, but over generations it built communities that cooperated and understood one another. As a result, people from different ethnic and religious backgrounds could unite and defend each other’s rights, knowing that they were on the same team. While old ties to homeland traditions never fully disappeared—and many were proudly preserved—the uniting language, laws, and civic values ensured that cultural differences did not tear the country apart.
However, in more recent times, the American ideal of forging a shared identity has hit serious roadblocks. Instead of carefully managed legal immigration that encourages newcomers to become citizens, large waves of illegal immigration have introduced millions of people who live in the shadows. They are not pressed to fully integrate or embrace American civic duties. Some remain in a gray zone of residency, existing in the country without officially joining it. Without the gentle pressure to learn the language, traditions, and principles at the heart of the nation, it becomes easier for people to form separate cultural pockets. Over time, this erodes the once-powerful sense of belonging and shared purpose that made the United States unique.
This shift matters because when people no longer feel united by common values, language, and civic responsibilities, the idea of America as a melting pot fades. Without a stable core identity, divisions grow deeper and mutual understanding weakens. Fear or distrust may arise between different groups, making it difficult to tackle national challenges together. The very documents that once unified everyone—like the Constitution—lose their meaning if large numbers of residents never connect with the democratic tradition. The founders wanted citizens to stand shoulder-to-shoulder, regardless of where their families came from. If this sense of shared identity continues to unravel, the country risks falling into the kind of conflicts and rivalries that plagued older nations, the very troubles that early immigrants had tried so hard to leave behind.
Chapter 4: Illegal Immigration and The Quiet Unraveling of America’s Uniting Cultural Fabric.
When immigration occurs in a lawful and orderly manner, newcomers are guided into becoming full citizens, learning English, respecting laws, and participating in civic life. This careful approach ensures that each new wave of arrivals reinforces the existing cultural fabric rather than tearing it. Yet today, unchecked illegal immigration introduces a troubling uncertainty. Countless people enter without documentation, and instead of following a path to citizenship, they linger in an in-between status. This leaves little motivation to fully integrate or adopt shared values. While some work hard, pay taxes, and become valuable members of communities, others remain on the margins, separate and disconnected. The absence of clear rules and responsibilities often makes it harder for these newcomers and long-time residents to see themselves as part of one American family.
This situation is not merely about legal paperwork; it’s about the common understanding of what it means to be American. If new arrivals don’t feel encouraged or required to join in fully—linguistically, culturally, and politically—then the grand experiment of blending diverse backgrounds into one cohesive nation begins to falter. Over generations, the United States prospered by turning immigrants into citizens who embraced the ideals that shaped American democracy. Now, those ideals grow murky. Without a unified identity, differences that were once bridged by common language and civic education can harden into permanent divides. Instead of talking to each other as fellow citizens, people might group themselves based on original homelands, sticking to familiar tongues and traditions that never truly blend into the broader American tapestry.
As these separate cultural islands form, communication breaks down. Imagine living in a neighborhood where you don’t share a language with many neighbors, making it harder to discuss school policies, local safety issues, or community events. Without a common tongue and values, misunderstandings multiply. Attempts to solve problems together fall flat because people no longer agree on the basic principles of fairness, law, and opportunity. This fragmentation weakens the very institutions that rely on trust and participation—from local councils to national elections. If fewer people engage in community affairs, pay attention to current events, or understand their constitutional rights, democracy becomes more fragile. Leaders who want to exploit ignorance or division can find ready audiences, and the nation risks sliding away from its founding promise.
Illegal immigration, if not addressed, can contribute to a silent unraveling of the cultural fabric that once united Americans. The founders believed that forging a shared identity was the best guarantee against internal strife. They aimed to prevent the bitter religious, ethnic, and sectarian conflicts that ravaged Europe for centuries. But today’s reality—where many newcomers remain outsiders instead of becoming insiders—threatens to undo that careful balance. Rebuilding trust and encouraging shared commitment won’t be easy, but it’s essential if America hopes to remain a place where freedom, opportunity, and fair treatment bind people together. If nothing is done, the quiet unraveling continues, and the sense of belonging, so crucial for a healthy democracy, may soon be something people recall wistfully rather than live each day.
Chapter 5: Unveiling the Deep State’s Hidden Web and Its Quiet Influence on Democracy.
In a democracy, we imagine that the people choose their leaders, and the leaders govern according to the people’s wishes. Yet the reality in modern America is more complicated. Beneath the visible layer of elected presidents, senators, and representatives lies a powerful network sometimes called the Deep State. This is not a secret society in dark rooms, but a maze of unelected officials—intelligence agencies, career bureaucrats, high-level administrators, elite university advisors, major media voices, and wealthy investors—who steer policies in subtle but powerful ways. They do not need public votes to maintain influence. Instead, they shape the information people receive, the ideas taught at top schools, and the rules that businesses and citizens must follow, often leaving voters feeling as though their voices barely matter.
This hidden web of power holds the reins of various government agencies, each packed with regulations, procedures, and enforcement tools that affect everyday life. Consider how organizations like the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) or environmental agencies can investigate, approve, or deny requests with wide-ranging consequences. Decisions made in quiet offices can shut down a small business, influence election outcomes, or tilt public debate in subtle directions. Americans rarely elect these officials, yet their decisions can shape careers, priorities, and even the national mood. Over time, such influence builds up so that even if an elected official tries to introduce change, they must navigate the entrenched interests and internal resistance of these unelected centers of power. This can slow or stop reforms that the public might desperately want.
Imagine a dense forest of rules—thousands upon thousands of pages of regulations drafted by people you never voted for. These guidelines can determine what products companies can make, how schools run their curricula, or which innovations rise or fall. Sometimes, these rules serve the public interest; other times, they respond to pressures from special groups or reflect biased ideologies. When agencies use their power unfairly—perhaps targeting certain political groups while giving others a free pass—it undermines fairness and trust in the system. The disturbing truth is that when no one holds these insiders accountable, they can quietly influence elections, set social trends, and make decisions that shape the American landscape without open debate.
The presence of a powerful Deep State weakens the core idea of democracy—that those who govern should answer directly to the people. Instead, the American political process becomes tangled in hidden alliances, unwritten understandings, and complicated insider deals. Undoing this problem is not simple. It requires shining a spotlight on these influential networks and demanding more transparency. It means asking hard questions: Who really runs the country’s affairs? How can citizens push back against powerful interests that don’t stand for election? Only by confronting these realities can Americans hope to restore genuine control over their political destiny. This confrontation is vital because if Americans lose faith that their votes count, the core promise of democracy fades, replaced by a sense of helplessness and alienation.
Chapter 6: Bureaucratic Power Grows Unchecked, Threatening Fair Representation and Authentic Civic Voices.
Consider how easily unelected authorities can accumulate power. Over time, the federal government in the United States has ballooned into a vast network of hundreds of agencies staffed by millions of employees. Many are experts in their fields, but they were never chosen by the public. Their rules, often complex and buried in legal language, can stretch over countless pages, shaping economic life, personal freedoms, and what schools teach. Voters rarely hear about these rules before they appear. By the time changes trickle down to everyday life—banning certain products, regulating small businesses, or influencing what information the public receives—it’s too late for ordinary people to protest or even fully understand what happened. Democracy weakens when people feel unheard and overwhelmed by layers of red tape.
The growth of bureaucratic power means a slow drift away from accountability. Elected officials come and go, facing the judgment of voters every few years. But agencies and their employees often stay in place for decades, developing their own interests, habits, and alliances. They may form cozy relationships with certain industries, depend on government funding that steers their decisions, or push political agendas behind a veneer of neutrality. In many cases, rules and regulations become so detailed and intimidating that few challenge them. It’s not easy for an average American to understand thousands of pages of complex directives, and this complexity itself shields the bureaucracy from simple oversight or meaningful debate.
This lack of oversight leads to situations where essential decisions are made by people who never face a ballot box. Instead of genuine public debate, policies can slide through quietly, favoring one group while harming another. For example, certain organizations might receive tax breaks or special permissions, while groups with opposing viewpoints struggle under heavier scrutiny. Without clear guidelines or accountability, it’s possible for political bias to creep in, turning what should be a fair and balanced system into a tool that powerful insiders wield. When the public senses this unfairness, trust crumbles. Without trust, people disengage from political processes, feeling that their voices simply do not matter.
If democracy is a conversation between the public and its representatives, excessive bureaucracy muffles this dialogue. It replaces clear communication with paperwork, rigid rules, and distant authorities who cannot be easily challenged. This environment discourages civic participation. Why bother speaking up if no one is listening? As a result, fewer people vote, fewer people attend community meetings, and fewer attempt to change unfair policies. The silence then allows bureaucratic power to expand even further, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of disempowerment. In the end, without attentive eyes on the levers of power, democracy becomes more like a stage performance, where the main actors are not those chosen by the public, but those who quietly control the script from behind thick curtains.
Chapter 7: The Dangerous Drift Into Tribalism, Its Deadly Lessons, and Racialized Ideologies.
Tribalism is the tendency for people to divide themselves into groups defined by ethnicity, race, religion, or other narrow identities. Throughout human history, such divisions often led to suspicion, exclusion, and eventually violence. Before the rise of nation-states, tribes waged endless wars, each seeing the other as a threat. In more recent times, when societies split along tribal lines, terrible things happened: segregation, discrimination, and even genocide. Think of the Balkans in the 1990s, where ethnic tensions exploded into bloodshed, or Nazi Germany, where ethnic hatred fueled unimaginable horrors. Tribalism thrives when people judge one another not as individuals, but as members of a certain out-group that must be feared or opposed, destroying the sense of common humanity that underpins healthy communities.
In the United States, the founders hoped to prevent tribalism by uniting citizens under shared principles. Rather than seeing themselves primarily as members of one race or religion, people were encouraged to view themselves simply as Americans. This helped create a stable environment where individuals of all backgrounds could interact and succeed based on merit. But now, America seems to be drifting back toward tribal thinking. Certain political and cultural movements emphasize ethnic identity or racial categories, sometimes framing policies or opportunities through the lens of skin color. Instead of moving forward together, these approaches risk dragging society back into the old, dangerous mindset where tribal loyalty matters more than talent, fairness, or shared values.
This return to tribal thought does not just show up in extremist groups. Even respected universities sometimes promote racially segregated housing or limit academic admission based on race rather than merit. What was once widely considered a step backward—separating people by race—is now justified under the banner of progress. Similarly, certain activists and politicians who once fought for integration and equal treatment now suggest that focusing solely on one racial or ethnic group is a path to justice. Such arguments may appear well-intentioned, but they disregard the lesson of history: dividing people by tribal lines rarely ends well. Instead of solving problems, it often deepens mistrust, leads to resentment, and moves societies closer to conflict.
If tribalism continues to spread, the impact on American democracy will be severe. Policies shaped by identity rather than principle can erode the fairness and cooperation needed for a stable society. When people trust only those who look, worship, or sound like them, they stop listening to others. Dialogue breaks down, compromises become rare, and the political atmosphere grows toxic. Achievements that once united Americans are forgotten. Over time, tribal divisions can transform disagreements over policy into permanent hostility. To avoid stumbling into the traps of the past, Americans must rediscover their shared identity, embracing what unites them as citizens rather than what splits them apart. Without this effort, tribalism could become the defining feature of a fractured and unstable future.
Chapter 8: Assaulting the Constitution to Force Equality of Outcome Over Opportunity’s Promise.
The U.S. Constitution was designed to protect liberty, individual rights, and the fair chance for people to make the most of their talents. Its authors understood that human beings differ in ability, ambition, and luck. The Constitution aimed to give everyone a fair starting line—an equal opportunity—rather than guaranteeing that everyone would cross the finish line together. Yet today, some activists and politicians argue that equality of outcome matters more than opportunity. They believe the Constitution restricts the government from reshaping society into a perfectly equal machine. They say that as long as the Constitution stands, it prevents sweeping policies to redistribute wealth, power, and privileges to ensure everyone ends up in the same place, regardless of effort or skill.
This mindset attacks the very foundation of merit-based progress. In a free society, differences in talent, perseverance, and creativity lead people to achieve different levels of success. Rather than seeing this as natural, some accuse the system itself of being unfair. They claim that if everyone doesn’t reach the same outcome, the rules must be rigged. So they push for policies that do not merely help people improve their lives, but try to force equal results. Such measures can harm motivation, crush excellence, and weaken the drive that leads individuals to study harder, work smarter, and invent new solutions. By undermining personal freedom and property rights—the cornerstones of the Constitution—these proposals risk replacing a culture of opportunity with one of controlled uniformity.
At the heart of the push to discard the Constitution lies a deep resentment. People often find it difficult to accept that some rise higher than others by virtue of their hard work, intelligence, or talent. Instead of applauding achievement, these critics view success with suspicion and envy. They imagine that tearing down the traditional framework will create a fairer world. But without constitutional safeguards, what keeps the government from handing unlimited power to a leader who decides which groups deserve more and which deserve less? History shows that when the rules of freedom are removed, the promise of fairness quickly gives way to tyranny. A system that tries to engineer equal outcomes often must force people into compliance, limiting their rights along the way.
For all its imperfections, the Constitution remains a shield against arbitrary power. It sets limits on what the government can do, ensuring that leaders cannot easily bend the nation to their personal visions. If progressives successfully dismantle it, or weaken its protections, they may open the door to a form of governance that no longer respects the individual as a unique being. Instead of enhancing fairness, such moves could create new forms of inequality, where political favoritism or bureaucratic decisions determine who rises and who falls. The founders trusted the people to succeed or fail on their own merits, and believed the role of government was to preserve that space for freedom. Removing these guardrails risks turning America into a place where forced sameness replaces genuine opportunity.
Chapter 9: Globalization’s Shallow Vows, Draining America’s Strength, Undermining Values, and Weakening Democracy.
Globalization often promises a brighter future: a connected world sharing ideas, goods, jobs, and solutions to common challenges. But beneath these hopeful pledges lies a tension that especially affects the United States. Being a citizen of the world sounds noble, yet it can conflict with the responsibilities and loyalty one owes to their home country. As American leaders look outward—seeking trade deals, aligning environmental rules, or moving factories overseas—resources that once strengthened local communities get spread thin. When jobs disappear abroad, workers at home suffer. When markets demand cheaper production, factories close, and entire towns lose their sense of purpose. At the same time, global business ties can soften American resolve to stand up for democratic values when dealing with countries that do not share the same principles.
Investors who profit from global ventures may hesitate to criticize oppressive regimes overseas. Large corporations that rely on foreign markets might remain silent as certain governments trample human rights, silence free speech, or mistreat their citizens. Over time, these financial interests shape political decisions. Instead of championing freedom and fairness, policy might tilt toward keeping foreign partners happy. This quiet shift harms the American tradition of promoting democracy and human dignity. Meanwhile, average Americans watch as their manufacturing jobs vanish and their hometown economies crumble. They may struggle to trust leaders who seem more interested in global cooperation than local livelihoods. This mistrust weakens democratic engagement, as people doubt whether their votes can protect them from the powerful currents of global economics.
Worse, globalization can bypass the democratic process entirely. International agreements or environmental standards, crafted by foreign bodies or multinational organizations, can be imposed on Americans without full input from the voters. This top-down approach undermines the principle that laws should reflect the will of the people. While global cooperation might look good on paper, if it comes at the cost of eroding national sovereignty, it makes citizens feel disconnected. They might ask, Who decided this for us, and why weren’t we consulted? That sense of exclusion can grow into frustration and resentment, fueling anger at both the globalists and the domestic elites who support them. Democracy flourishes only when people have a meaningful say, and globalization often dilutes that sense of participation.
In the end, global ties cannot easily erase deep cultural differences. The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted how countries revert to their instincts, revealing stark contrasts in governance and transparency. For example, while Americans debate policies openly, China’s government concealed information and enforced harsh measures without public consent. Such behavior reveals that globalism’s promises do not replace cultural roots. Despite all the interconnected trade, shared technologies, and environmental treaties, these events remind us that a country’s character does not vanish in the global mix. If America gives up too much of its economic, political, or cultural independence, it risks becoming weaker, less confident in its values, and less able to shape its destiny. This weakening ultimately chips away at the very foundations of American democracy.
All about the Book
In ‘The Dying Citizen’, Victor Davis Hanson explores the decline of citizenship and civic virtue in America, arguing for a rejuvenated commitment to shared values. A thought-provoking analysis essential for understanding today’s societal challenges.
Victor Davis Hanson is a renowned historian, author, and commentator, esteemed for his insights on contemporary issues affecting Western civilization and American identity.
Politicians, Historians, Sociologists, Educators, Civic Leaders
Reading Political Literature, Participating in Civic Engagement, Attending Debates and Lectures, Studying History, Engaging in Community Service
Erosion of Civic Responsibility, Cultural Decline, National Identity Crisis, Polarization of Society
Citizenship is not simply a status; it is an active commitment to engage with the community and uphold shared values.
Newt Gingrich, Mark Levin, Charles Krauthammer
National Book Award, George Washington Book Prize, Lincoln Prize
1. How does citizenship shape identity and belonging? #2. What historical contexts influence modern citizenship perceptions? #3. In what ways has immigration impacted civic values? #4. How has political polarization affected citizen engagement? #5. What role does civic education play in democracy? #6. How do cultural narratives shape citizen responsibilities? #7. Why is the rule of law essential for citizens? #8. How can citizens balance rights and responsibilities effectively? #9. What impact do globalization and technology have on citizenship? #10. How do historical examples inform contemporary citizenship debates? #11. What challenges do citizens face in the modern age? #12. How can citizen activism drive political change effectively? #13. What is the significance of civic participation today? #14. How do socioeconomic factors influence civic engagement? #15. What dangers does nationalism pose to citizenship? #16. How can citizens foster community and societal cohesion? #17. In what ways can history inform our understanding of citizenship? #18. How does the concept of citizenship evolve over time? #19. What contradictions exist in current citizenship definitions? #20. How can we cultivate a sense of civic responsibility?
The Dying Citizen, Victor Davis Hanson, citizenship in America, political commentary, civics book, American democracy, cultural identity, patriotism, nationalism, historical analysis, social commentary, current events
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