Tokens by Rachel O’Dwyer

Introduction

Summary of the book Tokens by Rachel O'Dwyer. Before moving forward, let’s briefly explore the core idea of the book. Imagine money not as a dull stack of bills, but as a vibrant ecosystem shaped by technology, creativity, and social values. As we journey into digital landscapes where wages arrive as gift cards, currencies embed community ethics, and meme-driven markets upend finance, our understanding of value and exchange transforms. This is a world where privacy battles convenience, where art becomes an investment you can fractionally own, and where community experiments challenge old rules. With each swipe, click, and token transferred, we rewrite the story of money, weaving together threads of identity, fairness, and human connection. This introduction invites you to explore a future of finance ripe with potential and unpredictability. The chapters ahead reveal how digital tokens reshape not only our wallets, but also our dreams, hopes, and the shared ideals that bind us.

Chapter 1: How Digital Gift Cards and Tokens Are Quietly Redefining Modern Wages and Work Compensation Models.

Imagine a world where the paycheck you receive for teaching a class, writing code, or designing a logo doesn’t land in your bank account as familiar cash, but instead arrives as a digital gift card or a specialized online token. This might sound strange at first, but such scenarios are becoming increasingly common in today’s shifting economic landscape. Long gone are the days when paper checks and physical currency were the only markers of a hard day’s work. Instead, platforms now experiment with new ways to compensate labor, often using rewards that can be restricted to certain online marketplaces or digital ecosystems. For instance, consider a university lecturer who might be paid in vouchers redeemable only at certain online retailers. This unusual form of payment challenges the traditional idea of a wage, raising difficult questions about what true compensation means in a digital age. Workers must navigate new forms of value exchange, where their earnings may be locked into specific platforms or brands. In this emerging environment, the concept of money is no longer defined merely by the central bank’s paper bills, but by strings of code that shape the boundaries of what you can buy and how you can live.

Platforms like Amazon’s Mechanical Turk have taken this shift even further by hiring workers worldwide and paying many of them not with actual cash, but with brand-specific gift cards. Suddenly, a form of payment that once seemed like a casual present from a friend or family member is being used as a core form of wage. Global freelancers who complete micro-tasks online often discover that their earnings are confined to a particular platform’s ecosystem. What once would have been an open choice—money you could use anywhere—becomes a reward tethered to a single company’s marketplace. This evokes historical precedents where workers were paid in company scrip, a specialized token spendable only at the employer’s store. In our digital era, that idea returns with fresh complexity. While it can offer access to global opportunities, it also places unusual constraints on worker freedom and purchasing power.

Even within creative digital spaces, where passionate individuals stream video content, play games, or produce instructional videos, compensation can emerge in the form of digital cheers or platform-specific currencies. Consider a popular live-streaming platform, such as Twitch, which allows viewers to support their favorite streamers by purchasing Bits, a form of digital token designed for online tipping. At first glance, this seems empowering: viewers directly reward creators, bypassing traditional intermediaries. But the platform still controls the payment process, often taking a cut from these contributions. The line between a genuine gift and a wage blurs. Creators rely on these tokens as their livelihood, and viewers collectively shape the economy with their digital applause. This model reveals a power dynamic where the platform orchestrates the entire marketplace, defining how creators are compensated and how value circulates within tightly controlled ecosystems.

In a world increasingly shaped by digital services, these token-based compensation systems challenge age-old assumptions about what it means to earn a living. Instead of receiving a universally accepted currency, workers, creators, and freelancers sometimes find themselves restricted to a closed-loop economy. As more platforms embrace similar models, traditional definitions of labor, wage, and legal worker protections must be revisited. How does one define fair pay if the currency can only be spent within a single corporate environment? How do governments regulate an economy where wages might appear as intangible digital points? This shift nudges society to rethink worker rights, legal frameworks, and the fundamental concept of monetary value. In short, the move toward digital tokens as payment doesn’t just tweak old rules—it completely reshapes the landscape, calling us to question the very essence of what compensation really means.

Chapter 2: From Shell Necklaces to Invisible Data: Understanding the Hidden Shifts in How Money Acquires Meaning and Value.

For centuries, human societies have grappled with the nature of money, turning to everything from rare shells to minted coins to secure, government-backed paper bills. Early trade might have involved strings of shell necklaces passed between communities as meaningful gifts that carried stories, alliances, and social responsibilities. Unlike a simple numeric value, these objects had histories and could gain worth by journeying through many hands. As times changed, money evolved, and today, we find ourselves in the midst of another profound transition. Instead of clinking coins or rustling notes, our money is often invisible and digital, slipping through networks of servers and encrypted codes. This raises the question: if we barely touch our money anymore, and it no longer looks like a physical token, what really gives it its power, and how do we trust its worth?

Traditional cash was once a physical reminder of value. Coins were heavy and precious metals felt reassuringly real. Even paper notes had a certain gravitas—an official seal, a recognized image, a promise from a trusted authority. In digital form, money’s physicality vanishes. Instead of gold or silver, we now rely on institutions, algorithms, and data systems to maintain belief in a currency’s stability. This shift stretches beyond just the look and feel of money; it changes how we relate to it. Digital transactions can be traced, analyzed, and transformed into streams of data about people’s spending habits, social circles, and even emotional states. Our payments become messages, revealing patterns of life and consumption. In this new environment, the meaning of money goes beyond a price tag—it becomes an anchor for identity, preference, and social connection.

As digital infrastructures expand, money is increasingly used to map our movements, tastes, and interactions. Consider mobile payment apps that also function as social platforms. When you send money to a friend, the transaction might appear in a social feed. Suddenly, everyone knows who is paying whom, and perhaps even for what. These platforms, blending finance and communication, transform the act of exchange into a social performance. While this can be convenient, fun, and community-building, it also erodes the privacy that cash once guaranteed. Payments now carry more than economic value; they hold personal information, hinting at friendships, hobbies, and travel patterns. The quiet anonymity of handing over a note in a physical shop is replaced by an intricate digital footprint that others can see, analyze, and interpret, turning every payment into a traceable story.

Yet, even as digital money becomes more embedded in our social and economic lives, we see resistance and complexity. Some people cling to cash for its anonymity. Others explore privacy-focused cryptocurrencies designed to conceal transaction details. Meanwhile, entire financial ecosystems analyze user data to determine creditworthiness, loyalty, or risk. The way we think about money’s value is shifting, too. It’s no longer just a neutral medium; it can reflect moral choices, social belonging, or cultural ideals. As we navigate this transformation, we might yearn for simpler times—when value was just a shiny coin in our hand—yet we cannot deny the allure and efficiency of digital payments. The question becomes: how do we find balance, ensuring that the money of tomorrow serves humanity without leaving behind those human qualities of trust, freedom, and dignity we hold dear?

Chapter 3: Envisioning Currencies That Carry Social, Environmental, and Ethical Values Into Every Economic Interaction.

If money is ultimately a shared belief system, then what if we redesigned it to better reflect the values we care about most—community support, environmental responsibility, or fairness in labor practices? Imagine a world where every transaction nudges us toward improving society, not just maximizing profit. This is not mere fantasy. Across the globe, people experiment with alternative forms of currency that attempt to embed ethics directly into the monetary structure. From time-based currencies, where the hour you spend helping a neighbor is as good as cash, to credits that reward sustainable farming practices, these experiments stretch the boundaries of what money can do. Instead of treating value as a cold number, these systems recognize care, empathy, and stewardship as forms of wealth worthy of exchange. The result is a radical shift in thinking: currency as a moral compass, not just a store of value.

Historically, money rarely acknowledged moral or social considerations. Traditional economists often define it as a unit of account, a medium of exchange, and a store of value—nothing more. But this narrow view ignores the ways money shapes our communities. If we build currencies that reward good deeds or environmental caretaking, we turn transactions into a force for positive change. For example, consider a local marketplace that issues its own tokens redeemable for products grown without harming the ecosystem. These tokens might circulate within the community, reinforcing bonds among neighbors and ensuring wealth stays close to home. Alternatively, imagine digital tokens backed by socially beneficial projects, such as renewable energy credits or community health funds. Each time you spend them, you support common goals. Instead of money just facilitating trade, it becomes a tool for nurturing the world we want.

Of course, reimagining currency faces real challenges. The global financial system is vast, intricate, and heavily vested in traditional notions of wealth. Introducing new currencies shaped by values like care and ecology requires changing not only infrastructure, but also hearts and minds. There may be skepticism: will people trust a currency if it is not issued by a central bank? Will a system that rewards social good be stable and secure? There are examples to learn from. Mutual credit networks, community exchange systems, and environmental token initiatives have shown promising results, though scale and acceptance remain hurdles. These alternative currencies highlight that money is not fixed or inevitable; it can be redesigned. By centering on social and ethical values, we open possibilities that money can become a transformative force, challenging the notion that it must always be profit-driven and impersonal.

The next decade may see more daring experiments. Perhaps a neighborhood will adopt a currency where every unit spent also plants a tree. Maybe a global movement will create tokens that promote cultural preservation or support marginalized communities. As people witness that money can reward not just individual gain but collective well-being, mindsets might shift. While these initiatives are still on the fringes, they hint at a future where currency functions less like a blunt tool and more like a finely tuned instrument for improving quality of life. Though it won’t be easy to align markets, technology, and community principles, the mere fact that such experiments exist inspires hope. By imagining currencies woven with values like care, fairness, and respect for nature, we challenge the foundations of our current financial systems and dare to dream of a more humane economy.

Chapter 4: When Stock Markets Meet Memes and Social Media: Unraveling the Surprising Forces Reshaping Modern Finance.

In recent years, the stock market has become more than a playground for traditional brokers and seasoned investors. Fueled by accessible trading apps and a culture shaped by memes, jokes, and viral videos, a new crowd has jumped into the fray. Suddenly, finance isn’t just about strategy; it’s about community identity, storytelling, and the power of shared digital humor. Platforms that once seemed far removed from Wall Street—Reddit, Twitter, TikTok—are now hotbeds of investment chatter, where ordinary people rally behind obscure stocks, turning them into global headlines. This shift has given birth to the meme stock, a phenomenon where share prices surge not because of earnings reports, but because thousands of people unite in a sort of digital flash mob. It’s both thrilling and perplexing: can a crowd armed with internet memes disrupt the carefully balanced world of corporate finance?

The GameStop saga of 2021 is a perfect illustration. A struggling video game retailer’s shares soared from mere dollars to hundreds, not due to a sudden business turnaround, but thanks to a passionate community of online traders. Many were motivated by a sense of rebellion—small investors challenging massive hedge funds that had bet on the company’s downfall. For a moment, it felt like a digital uprising, a new kind of populist movement using memes and hashtags instead of protest signs. But the outcome was more complicated. While some small traders profited, others were caught in a volatile swing, and established financial players still found ways to benefit. The spectacle forced us to rethink who wields power in the financial markets and whether collective online behavior can meaningfully shift long-standing hierarchies.

Social media also reshaped how investors access information. Influencers post quick tips, flashy graphs, and personal stories of windfall gains or crushing losses. Instead of relying on traditional advisors, many young investors rely on trusted online personalities or viral posts that feel authentic. While this democratizes access to financial insight, it also spreads questionable advice, hasty bets, and a swarm mentality. Investors might jump into trends without fully understanding the companies they’re backing. Meanwhile, celebrities and tech visionaries fuel hype by casually mentioning stocks or cryptocurrencies, sending prices soaring with a single tweet. This environment blurs the line between entertainment and finance, encouraging risk-taking behavior that may bring quick returns—or devastating losses. It’s a far cry from the staid world of suits and spreadsheets, heralding a chaotic new era of money meets media.

All this raises larger questions about market stability, fairness, and the true source of value. If enough people believe in a certain narrative, can they create wealth from thin air? If a community gathers online and collectively decides a stock is worth more, who is to say otherwise? Traditional analysts grumble that prices should follow fundamentals—like earnings, growth potential, and real-world products. But in the age of digital communities, sentiment itself can move mountains. The tension between old-school financial reasoning and new-era meme-driven speculation may continue, creating cycles of boom, bust, and online drama. Ultimately, the integration of social media into finance reveals that money is as much about human psychology as it is about cold, hard numbers. In this moment of uncertainty, we witness the marketplace becoming a stage where memes, emotions, and collective dreams influence real economic outcomes.

Chapter 5: Art, Tokens, and Hidden Vaults: How Aesthetics and Blockchain Transform Masterpieces Into Financially Charged Assets.

Step into a modern art gallery and you might think it’s just about admiration and inspiration. But behind the scenes, the art world has also become a stage for complex financial games. Masterpieces can serve as international commodities, hedges against inflation, and even collateral for massive loans. Not only that, but cutting-edge digital tools like blockchain have turned artworks into tokenized investments. This means that a single painting can be split into thousands of digital shares, allowing people worldwide to own a tiny fraction. Suddenly, something once revered mainly for its beauty or cultural value is now measured in trading volume, speculation, and long-term profit potential. This doesn’t just change how we buy and sell art; it challenges our understanding of authenticity, creativity, and the role art plays in shaping culture and community identity.

Consider the story of the Ghanaian artist Ibrahim Mahama and his installations made from old jute sacks. Initially just functional materials transporting cocoa or coal, these sacks carry histories of labor, trade, and exploitation. When Mahama stitches them into large-scale installations and displays them in international art festivals, their meaning transforms. They become cultural artifacts and, potentially, high-value assets in the global art market. This shift exemplifies how art can move from a purely aesthetic object to a financial instrument. Collectors, dealers, and even large investment funds see artworks as stable stores of value that may appreciate over time. In some cases, artworks are tucked away in secure storage facilities known as freeports—climate-controlled warehouses where paintings might never be seen by the public, their existence reduced to entries on a ledger and tokens on a blockchain.

These developments prompt fresh questions. Is art still art if its main purpose is to serve as a financial vehicle? Or does the blending of technology, creativity, and commerce create new opportunities for more people to support the arts? Tokenization allows fractional ownership, meaning that even someone with modest savings can invest in a famous painting. It can open the previously exclusive world of art investment to a broader crowd, potentially democratizing what was once an elite pastime. However, this also risks turning creativity into a mere commodity, stripping away the emotion and meaning that art can provide. As the boundaries blur, we must reconsider what value we place on art: is it in the brushstrokes and feelings it evokes, or in the returns it can generate in a complex and often opaque financial marketplace?

In response, some artists and curators push back. They use the financial success of their work to reinvest in local communities, educational programs, or creative spaces that benefit ordinary people. Mahama himself established cultural centers in Ghana, using the value generated by his art to nurture talent, preserve heritage, and encourage dialogue. This model offers a glimpse of how the tokenized art economy could do more than enrich investors—it can become a tool for social good. Still, the tug-of-war continues. Art can become a digital share certificate, locked in a secure vault and traded by speculators who never appreciate its beauty. Or it can serve as an instrument of cultural enrichment and community building. As tokens continue to reshape the market, how we choose to use these tools will determine whether art remains an expression of humanity or merely another form of currency.

Chapter 6: The Trade-Off Between Convenience and Control: Exploring Privacy, Surveillance, and Freedom in a Cashless Society.

As we race toward a future where everything from coffee to rent is paid digitally, questions about privacy and control loom large. Cash once provided anonymity; nobody needed to know who you were to accept your banknotes. But digital payments create a trail—every purchase, every donation, every ride share documented and stored on servers. This data can be analyzed to profile consumers, predict their habits, and even influence their decisions. For many, the convenience of tapping a card or scanning a code is worth the trade-off. But we must recognize that convenience often comes at the cost of heightened surveillance. Governments, corporations, and malicious actors might gain unprecedented insights into personal lives. The dream of a frictionless economy might transform into a reality where our financial footprints become keys that others use to unlock our private worlds.

The erosion of financial anonymity doesn’t just affect individuals; it can reshape entire communities. Without cash, marginalized groups or those who struggle to access digital tools could be excluded. People who prefer to keep their dealings private—whether political dissidents, sensitive journalists, or simply those valuing discretion—face new vulnerabilities. Additionally, digital money enables new forms of economic discrimination. Imagine a scenario where an algorithmic scoring system determines which customers receive loans, insurance, or special deals, based not only on their credit history but also their purchase patterns, social media connections, or health data. While intended to personalize services, such a system may reinforce existing inequalities. In a society where money is always observed, it’s harder to maintain the personal freedom once enabled by slipping a few anonymous bills into your pocket before venturing out into the world.

Not all responses to a cashless, data-rich environment are negative. Some view transparency as a path to fairness and security. If governments can track flows of money, perhaps they can reduce corruption, improve tax collection, and ensure public funds are spent wisely. Businesses can tailor offerings, making shopping more efficient and enjoyable. Yet even these positives depend on who controls the data and how it’s used. Without careful legal frameworks and public oversight, the balance could tip toward exploitation. If corporations collect vast financial details, they might steer customers into certain products. If states monitor every transaction, political freedoms might wane. The conversation must center on ensuring that digital finance empowers people rather than constraining them. Striking the right balance between convenience and control will shape the soul of our cashless societies for generations to come.

To protect privacy, some innovators explore decentralized platforms that don’t rely on single authorities. Cryptocurrencies that prioritize anonymity or encrypted payment solutions aim to restore a sense of personal freedom. Others push for stronger regulations, demanding that governments set clear rules to limit surveillance and ensure equality. Activists and thinkers urge us to remain vigilant: convenience can be a siren’s song, luring us into systems that reveal our lives in granular detail. If we embrace digital tokens wholeheartedly, we must do so with eyes open, aware of the potential consequences. The future of money lies not just in fancy apps and high-tech wallets, but also in the choices we make about governance, inclusivity, and respect for human dignity. As we navigate this delicate territory, it’s crucial to remember that finance isn’t merely economics—it’s about who we are as a society.

Chapter 7: Can Care-Based Tokens, Mutual Credit, and Community Currencies Rewrite Our Notions of Economic Fairness?.

In a world often shaped by profit motives and fierce competition, the idea of valuing care, generosity, and mutual support can sound almost revolutionary. Yet experiments with community currencies, mutual credit systems, and care-based tokens show that money can be more than a neutral tool—it can support fairness, trust, and cooperation. Imagine a neighborhood where people earn credits by helping neighbors, tutoring children, or volunteering at a community garden. These credits might then be redeemed for someone else’s help or local produce. This transforms the economic relationship from buyer-seller to participants in a shared social fabric. Such systems encourage people to recognize that everyone’s time and efforts have worth, whether or not they fit into traditional wage structures. The goal is not just to enable transactions, but to strengthen bonds, reduce inequalities, and support a more compassionate economy.

Mutual credit systems challenge the assumptions that money must always come from a bank or be backed by a central authority. Instead, value emerges from trust and shared purpose. People in the system collectively agree to accept credits as valid payment for goods and services. This can foster local resilience, keeping value circulating within a community rather than flowing out to big corporations. At the same time, care-based tokens—where helping someone can directly earn you currency—put human relationships at the heart of economic life. Such currencies highlight what mainstream finance often overlooks: that nurturing, teaching, and caring are essential contributions deserving recognition. While these alternative systems remain limited in scale, they inspire new ways to think about fairness. They ask if we can reduce the relentless pursuit of profit and foster exchanges that celebrate kindness, cooperation, and shared well-being.

Not all attempts at alternative money achieve their aims. Some projects struggle to scale, facing resistance from people who trust established financial institutions or worry that nontraditional currencies might be unstable. Others confront practical hurdles: how to ensure fairness, prevent fraud, or manage supply and demand in a community-driven system. It can be hard to strike a balance that feels inclusive and reliable. Moreover, translating caring values into a token or credit system may risk commodifying compassion. If every good deed is paid for, does it lose its moral depth? These debates reflect the complexity of blending economic mechanisms with ethical ideals. Nonetheless, these initiatives crack open the door to a different economic imagination—one where growth is not the sole metric of success and where the health of relationships and communities takes center stage.

As digital technologies simplify the creation and management of alternative currencies, we may see more experiments bloom. Some will link tokens to environmental projects, where planting trees or cleaning up rivers earns you credit. Others might reward cultural preservation or support local arts. The question isn’t whether these systems can replace global finance overnight—most likely, they cannot. Rather, it’s about showing that money does not have to be one-size-fits-all. When we broaden our understanding of what counts as value and how it can be recognized, we discover new paths toward fairness, sustainability, and social harmony. Although it’s an uphill climb, the mere existence of care-based tokens and mutual credit reminds us that economic life need not be dictated solely by profit margins. It can be guided by empathy, sharing, and the belief that everyone’s contributions matter.

Chapter 8: Embracing the Unknown Future of Tokens: Hints, Challenges, and Possibilities on the Horizon of Digital Finance.

As we venture into a future shaped by digital tokens, platform-based currencies, and cashless transactions, we stand at a crossroads of immense possibility and profound uncertainty. Will tomorrow’s money bring greater freedom, enabling anyone with an internet connection to participate in a global economy? Or will it tighten the grip of corporate giants and governments, turning every transaction into a piece of data that can be mined, manipulated, and sold? The answers remain unclear. Across the planet, new payment systems, digital wallets, and blockchain-based assets arise and compete for our trust. Sometimes they promise frictionless exchange and financial inclusion; sometimes they raise hackles about monopolies, surveillance, and ever-widening inequalities. Regardless, this unfolding drama is not merely technical—it is fundamentally human, touching on fairness, dignity, and the stories we tell ourselves about what money should be.

The transition toward digital tokens has already reshaped how people get paid, invest, interact socially, and support creative endeavors. From gift card wages to fractional art investments, from meme-driven markets to community currencies, we’ve glimpsed the diverse ways money can transform when freed from its old forms. Yet, each innovation comes with hidden corners of complexity. Even as technology makes some processes smoother, it can create new power imbalances. Policymakers, activists, and communities grapple with how best to govern these changes. Do we need fresh regulations? More transparent platforms? Or perhaps a cultural shift that values privacy, fairness, and community more than mere convenience? The landscape evolves too fast for easy answers, but that same flux suggests we have a chance to shape the future deliberately, guiding digital finance toward outcomes that reflect our highest aspirations.

We might see new tokenized forms of value tethered to environmental restoration or cultural preservation. Perhaps tokens will reward citizens for participating in local governance or encourage more ethical business conduct. On the other hand, we must be wary of dystopian scenarios, where digital tracking leaves no room for individual autonomy, and where wealth concentrates even more starkly than before. The key is to recognize that digital tokens are not magically neutral. They are tools humans create, and like all tools, they reflect the intentions, biases, and values of their makers. Therefore, the conversation shouldn’t just be about what technology can do, but also about what we want it to do. It’s about designing economic systems that embody respect, justice, and creativity, rather than allowing them to emerge haphazardly from profit-driven codes.

As we look forward, the uncertainty can be invigorating instead of intimidating. The fact that money can change so radically within a generation means we are not locked into the past. We can dream of economies that empower rather than exploit, that celebrate diversity rather than flatten it. Yet vision alone is not enough. It will require collaboration: technologists who think ethically, regulators who listen carefully, artists who imagine new possibilities, and communities that insist on being heard. This interplay of innovation, governance, and cultural values will write the next chapter of finance. The future of tokens is unwritten, a story still forming line by line. We stand before a canvas that invites us to paint a more inclusive and meaningful economy—if we choose to pick up the brush and start creating together.

All about the Book

Explore the intersection of technology and society in 'Tokens' by Rachel O'Dwyer. This thought-provoking read delves into the implications of digital assets, transforming our understanding of value and exchange in the modern world.

Rachel O'Dwyer is a leading scholar in digital media and technology, known for her insightful analysis of the socio-economic implications of digital tokens and their impact on contemporary life.

Economists, Technology Analysts, Social Scientists, Digital Marketing Professionals, Policy Makers

Reading about technology, Exploring digital art, Participating in online communities, Learning about blockchain, Engaging in economic discussions

Digital privacy, Economic inequality, Impact of technology on society, Monetization of digital content

In a world where value is constantly redefined, we must navigate with awareness and intention.

Tim Berners-Lee, Ava DuVernay, Richard Stallman

Best Non-Fiction Book of the Year, Outstanding Contribution to Digital Media Award, Innovative Publication Award

1. How do tokens function in digital economies today? #2. What role do tokens play in blockchain technology? #3. How can tokens represent value in various contexts? #4. What are the implications of token ownership rights? #5. How do tokens facilitate decentralized governance models? #6. What challenges arise from token-based financial systems? #7. How do tokens influence user interactions online? #8. In what ways can tokens incentivize community engagement? #9. What is the impact of regulation on token markets? #10. How are tokens changing traditional economic structures? #11. What are the differences between fungible and non-fungible tokens? #12. How do tokens affect privacy and security in transactions? #13. What are the ethical considerations surrounding token use? #14. How do tokens contribute to the sharing economy? #15. What trends are emerging in tokenization strategies? #16. How do token ecosystems promote innovation and growth? #17. What lessons can be learned from token failures? #18. How do different cultures perceive and use tokens? #19. What future predictions exist for token dynamics? #20. How can individuals leverage tokens for personal gain?

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