Introduction
Summary of the book At The Existentialist Café by Sarah Bakewell. Before we start, let’s delve into a short overview of the book. Discovering Life Through Philosophy Have you ever wondered why we make the choices we do or what truly defines who we are? Philosophy might seem like a subject filled with complex ideas and old thinkers, but it’s actually a powerful tool that can help us understand our lives better. ‘At The Existentialist Café’ by Sarah Bakewell takes you on an exciting journey into the world of existentialism, a philosophy that explores freedom, responsibility, and the essence of being. Starting from the lively cafes of Paris in the 1930s, this story introduces you to fascinating characters like Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, who used philosophy to navigate the challenges of their time. As you read through the chapters, you’ll see how these thinkers made philosophy relevant to everyday life, inspiring movements and personal transformations. Get ready to dive into a world where ideas come alive and philosophy becomes a part of your own story.
Chapter 1: How an Apricot Cocktail Sparked Sartre’s Journey into Existentialism.
One sunny evening in Paris, Jean-Paul Sartre, his girlfriend Simone de Beauvoir, and their friend Raymond Aron sat together in a cozy bar called Bec de Gaze. They were sipping apricot cocktails, enjoying each other’s company after their time studying at the prestigious École Normale Supérieure. Despite their bright futures, they felt restless and unsatisfied with the traditional philosophy they had been taught. They found themselves bored by the same old questions about reality and knowledge that had been discussed since the days of Plato. They longed for a new way of thinking, something that connected more deeply with their own lives and the world around them.
As they chatted over their drinks, Aron shared his recent studies in Berlin, where he had discovered a fresh approach called phenomenology. This new philosophy focused on describing real-life experiences rather than getting stuck in endless theoretical debates. The idea was exciting and different from anything they had learned before. Sartre was immediately intrigued and eager to explore more. He rushed to a nearby bookstore to find books on phenomenology, but there was only one available. Undeterred, Sartre decided to dive deep into this new philosophy, soaking up every idea he could find.
Inspired by his newfound interest, Sartre made plans to study in Berlin for a year, just like Aron. During his time there, he immersed himself in phenomenology, blending its principles with his own unique ideas and literary talents. This creative fusion led him to develop existentialism, a philosophy that emphasized individual freedom and the responsibility that comes with it. By the time he returned to Paris in 1934, Sartre was ready to introduce his groundbreaking ideas to the world. His journey from a simple apricot cocktail to the birth of existentialism marked the beginning of a new era in philosophy, one that would resonate with many and change the way people thought about their lives.
Chapter 2: Exploring Freiburg, the Heartbeat of Phenomenology’s Rise.
Freiburg im Breisgau, a charming university town nestled by the Rhine River and the Black Forest, became the epicenter of a revolutionary philosophy called phenomenology in the early 20th century. This small city attracted students and scholars from all over, eager to learn from Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, who took the position of philosophy chair at the university in 1916. Phenomenology was not just another theory; it was a new method for understanding the world by closely examining everyday experiences without preconceived ideas. This approach encouraged people to look at things as they are, focusing on their direct experiences rather than abstract concepts.
At its core, phenomenology taught students to describe phenomena—anything from feelings and events to objects—in meticulous detail. For example, instead of debating whether an apricot cocktail truly exists or is just a figment of one’s imagination, phenomenologists would focus on the actual experience of sipping the drink. They would describe its taste, the way it was made, the memories it evoked, and how it felt in their hands. This method, called ‘epokha,’ or suspension of judgment, required setting aside all previous notions to see things with fresh eyes. By doing so, phenomenologists believed they could gain a deeper and more accurate understanding of life itself.
The dedication to this meticulous description extended beyond simple objects to more complex experiences, such as pain or music. A phenomenologist wouldn’t just label a piece of music as ‘beautiful’; they would explore its specific qualities, like its plaintiveness or the dignity it exudes. This level of detail aimed to uncover the true essence of the phenomena being studied. The commitment to depth and accuracy in understanding everyday life made phenomenology a powerful tool for grasping the complexities of human existence.
In 1918, Martin Heidegger, a young and brilliant philosopher, joined the phenomenology movement and significantly shaped its direction. His contributions would later influence many, including Jean-Paul Sartre, who would blend phenomenology with his own ideas to create existentialism. Freiburg’s vibrant intellectual environment provided the perfect backdrop for these groundbreaking ideas to flourish, setting the stage for the philosophical transformations that would follow.
Chapter 3: Martin Heidegger’s Brilliant Mind and Troubled Legacy in Philosophy.
Martin Heidegger was one of the most influential philosophers of the 20th century, known for his profound ideas and complex personality. As a student of Edmund Husserl, the founder of phenomenology, Heidegger learned to set aside his own beliefs to see the world more clearly. This training helped him develop his own unique perspective, which he presented in his groundbreaking 1927 book, ‘Being and Time.’ In this work, Heidegger asked fundamental questions about what it means to exist, introducing the concept of ‘being’ as the starting point for all philosophical inquiry. He argued that previous philosophers had overlooked the importance of understanding our own existence when they analyzed the world.
Heidegger introduced the term ‘Dasein,’ a German word meaning ‘being there,’ to describe the human experience of existing in the world. Unlike other philosophers who viewed themselves as detached observers, Heidegger emphasized that we are always part of the world we are trying to understand. Our interactions with everything around us shape our existence, and recognizing this connection is essential for genuine philosophical exploration. This idea challenged traditional views and opened new avenues for thinking about ourselves and our place in the universe.
Despite his intellectual brilliance, Heidegger’s legacy is marred by his involvement with the Nazi party during the 1930s. In 1933, he became the rector of Freiburg University, a position that required him to join the Nazi party and enforce their discriminatory policies. This decision had severe consequences, including the removal of his mentor, Husserl, from his university position. Although Heidegger later claimed that he did not fully understand the Nazis’ intentions, his membership and the anti-Semitic writings discovered in his notebooks revealed a troubling side to his character. This period of his life led to a lasting controversy, as many of his friends and colleagues distanced themselves from him due to his political choices.
Heidegger’s philosophical contributions remain significant, but his flawed actions during the Nazi era complicate how we view his work today. While his ideas about existence and being continue to influence modern philosophy, his personal failures serve as a reminder that even the greatest minds can make deeply regrettable choices. This duality in Heidegger’s legacy invites ongoing discussion and reflection on the relationship between a philosopher’s ideas and their personal lives.
Chapter 4: The Heavy Weight of Freedom and Responsibility in Existentialism.
Existentialism, a philosophy championed by Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, delves deep into the concepts of freedom and responsibility, making these ideas central to understanding our lives. Sartre, who was not only a philosopher but also a novelist, infused his writings with real-life stories that illustrated existentialist principles. This approach made his ideas more relatable and vivid, showing how philosophy can directly impact the way we live. At its heart, existentialism challenges us to shed the preconceived notions about what defines us, such as our biology, culture, or personal history, and instead emphasizes our freedom to shape our own identities through the choices we make.
One of Sartre’s most famous ideas is that ‘existence precedes essence,’ meaning that we first exist without any predetermined purpose and then create our essence through our actions. This concept highlights the incredible freedom we have but also the immense responsibility that comes with it. Every decision we make contributes to who we become, and we cannot blame external factors for our actions. This idea was vividly illustrated during the German occupation of France in World War II, when Sartre advised a young man torn between fleeing to fight the Nazis or staying to care for his mother. Sartre emphasized that the young man was entirely free to choose his path, and with that freedom came the responsibility for the consequences of his choice.
This emphasis on freedom can be both empowering and daunting. Sartre argued that avoiding responsibility by claiming that something else controls our actions is a form of ‘bad faith.’ For example, relying on an alarm clock to wake up allows us to avoid the difficult decision of getting up on our own, making us feel less free but also less responsible. Similarly, a waiter who acts in a certain way to fit his job is playing a role, distancing himself from his true, free self. While these behaviors are natural, Sartre warned that overindulging in them can lead to inauthenticity, where we lose sight of our true selves and our freedom to define who we are.
Sartre’s teachings encourage us to embrace our freedom and take ownership of our lives. By making conscious choices and accepting the responsibility that comes with them, we can lead more authentic and fulfilling lives. This philosophy empowers individuals to shape their own destinies, reinforcing the idea that we are the authors of our own stories. Sartre and de Beauvoir lived by these principles, demonstrating through their lives and actions how existentialism can be a guiding force in overcoming challenges and finding meaning.
Chapter 5: Sartre and de Beauvoir: Living Their Philosophy Every Day.
Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir were not just philosophers; they were living embodiments of existentialist ideas. Their relationship was a testament to their commitment to freedom and personal choice, rejecting traditional norms like marriage in favor of a more open and flexible arrangement. In 1929, they decided to form a partnership based on mutual respect and autonomy, agreeing to remain together for two years and keeping their relationship open to other lovers. This unconventional approach allowed them to maintain their independence while supporting each other, reflecting their belief that individuals should define their own paths without being constrained by societal expectations.
Their partnership extended beyond their personal lives into their professional and intellectual endeavors. Both were prolific writers, dedicating countless hours to their work in cafes and other communal spaces in Paris. They constantly reviewed and critiqued each other’s writings, pushing one another to delve deeper into their ideas and express them more clearly. This collaborative environment fostered a dynamic exchange of thoughts and creativity, allowing their philosophies to evolve and influence each other. Their dedication to their work and to each other exemplified the existentialist principle of creating meaning through one’s actions and relationships.
Sartre and de Beauvoir were also actively involved in political activism, inspired by their philosophical beliefs in freedom and responsibility. They participated in various movements and protests, believing that philosophy should not remain confined to academic circles but should actively engage with the world to bring about change. Their involvement in events like the student uprisings of 1968 showcased their commitment to applying existentialist ideas to real-world issues, advocating for personal and societal transformation. Their activism was a natural extension of their belief that individuals have the power and duty to shape their own lives and the world around them.
Throughout their lives, Sartre and de Beauvoir faced numerous challenges, including the hardships of World War II and the complexities of their personal relationships. However, their unwavering dedication to their philosophical ideals helped them navigate these difficulties. Their ability to live authentically, making conscious choices and embracing the responsibilities that come with freedom, allowed them to maintain their integrity and continue contributing to existentialist thought. Their partnership and collaborative spirit left a lasting legacy, demonstrating how philosophy can be a guiding force in both personal and collective endeavors.
Chapter 6: How War Changed the Lives of Existentialist Thinkers but Didn’t Stop Their Ideas.
World War II brought immense turmoil and uncertainty, deeply affecting the lives of existentialist thinkers like Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. As the war loomed over Europe, Sartre was drafted to join the military, but due to his eye problems, he was assigned to a meteorological station in Alsace instead of the front lines. However, in 1940, he was captured and sent to a prisoner-of-war camp. Despite the harsh conditions, Sartre remained dedicated to his work, using his time in captivity to read Heidegger’s ‘Being and Time’ and take extensive notes. These experiences in the camp became the foundation for his later masterpiece, ‘Being and Nothingness,’ published in 1943.
Simone de Beauvoir, on the other hand, stayed in occupied Paris, where life was becoming increasingly difficult with food shortages and scarcity of supplies. To cope with the hardships, she turned to philosophy and literature, finding comfort in the works of Hegel and Kierkegaard. These readings not only provided solace but also inspired her own writing, including her novel ‘She Came to Stay.’ De Beauvoir’s ability to find meaning and inspiration amidst the chaos of war exemplifies the existentialist belief in creating one’s own purpose despite external circumstances.
Sartre’s time in the POW camp was marked by both physical suffering and intellectual growth. His dedication to reading and writing helped him endure the hardships of captivity, and his escape from the camp by walking out and never returning was a bold move that underscored his commitment to freedom and autonomy. Upon returning to Paris, Sartre reunited with de Beauvoir and continued to develop his existentialist ideas, emphasizing that our essence is shaped by our actions and choices. This perspective highlights the existentialist view that even in the darkest times, individuals have the power to define their own existence.
The war also intensified the existentialist focus on freedom and responsibility. Sartre argued that the immense freedom we possess can be overwhelming, leading to anxiety and fear. To cope with this, people often create constraints or habits that make life easier but also reduce their sense of freedom. For example, setting an alarm clock allows us to wake up without making a conscious choice, thereby avoiding the responsibility of deciding to get up on our own. Similarly, people may adopt certain roles or behaviors to escape the burden of making constant decisions. Sartre believed that recognizing and embracing our freedom is essential for living authentically, even when it feels daunting.
Chapter 7: The Rise of Existentialism in Postwar France and Its Cultural Impact.
After the devastation of World War II, France found itself in need of new ideas and ways of thinking to rebuild and move forward. Existentialism, with its focus on individual freedom and responsibility, provided exactly what many people were looking for. In 1945, Jean-Paul Sartre became a prominent figure in the philosophical scene, captivating audiences with his ideas. He gave a public talk in Paris that was so crowded and chaotic it became a major news event, signaling the widespread interest in existentialism. The movement quickly gained momentum, resonating with those who sought meaning and direction in the aftermath of the war.
The Saint-Germain-des-Prés district in Paris became the heart of the existentialist community. Sartre and de Beauvoir spent much of their time in the cafes there, where they worked on their writing and engaged with a diverse group of friends, including artists, writers, students, and fellow philosophers. These cafes were vibrant hubs of intellectual and creative activity, fostering discussions that pushed existentialist ideas further. At night, the district transformed into a lively counterculture scene, with clubs playing American music like blues and jazz, symbolizing defiance and hope. This blend of intellectual discourse and cultural rebellion made Saint-Germain-des-Prés a unique center for existentialist thought.
Simone de Beauvoir played a crucial role in shaping the existentialist movement, using her keen insights to explore topics that had been neglected by traditional philosophy, such as the experiences of women. Her groundbreaking work, ‘The Second Sex,’ delved into the lived experiences of women and challenged the societal norms that limited their freedom and agency. This focus on gender and personal experience expanded the reach of existentialism, making it relevant to a broader audience and addressing real-world issues. De Beauvoir’s contributions highlighted the versatility of existentialist philosophy in examining various aspects of human life.
The popularity of existentialism in postwar France also inspired political activism. The student and worker uprisings of 1968 in Paris were influenced by existentialist ideas, which emphasized personal freedom and the power of individual choice. Sartre and de Beauvoir actively supported these movements, participating in marches and protests that sought to challenge and change the status quo. Their involvement demonstrated the practical application of existentialist philosophy, showing that it was not just a set of abstract ideas but a way to inspire and drive social change. This period marked a significant moment in French cultural and intellectual history, with existentialism playing a central role in shaping the nation’s future.
Chapter 8: The Complex Friendship and Rivalry Between Camus, Sartre, and de Beauvoir.
In 1943, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir met Albert Camus, a talented French Algerian writer known for his warmth, humor, and emotional depth. The three quickly became good friends, united by their shared interest in existentialist ideas. Although Camus did not label himself as an existentialist, his philosophy and literary works contained many existentialist elements, infused with a touch of absurdity. His famous essay, ‘The Myth of Sisyphus,’ explored the idea of life’s inherent meaninglessness and how individuals choose to find their own meaning despite this absurdity. Camus portrayed Sisyphus, a figure from Greek mythology, as someone who embraces his endless task with a smile, symbolizing the human capacity to find joy even in repetitive and futile efforts.
Despite their initial camaraderie, differences in their philosophical viewpoints began to strain the friendship between Camus, Sartre, and de Beauvoir. Camus believed that life was absurd and that individuals must accept this absurdity without seeking external meaning. He saw the struggle itself as what gives life purpose, advocating for a balanced approach to rebellion and acceptance. On the other hand, Sartre and de Beauvoir held that life was not inherently meaningless and that individuals could create their own meaning through their actions and choices. They believed that recognizing and embracing this potential for meaning was essential for living authentically.
The friendship between Camus and Sartre took a dramatic turn after the liberation of Paris in 1945. As France began to rebuild and seek justice for those who had collaborated with the Nazis, Camus opposed the use of state power to carry out executions and punishments. He argued that it was morally wrong for the state to engage in such acts, maintaining that violence only perpetuated more violence. Sartre and de Beauvoir, however, believed that some form of retribution was necessary to honor the victims and ensure a fresh start for the future. They saw Camus’ stance as overly idealistic and impractical in the face of the atrocities committed during the war.
These fundamental disagreements led to a growing rift between the friends, as their political and philosophical views diverged. The tension highlighted the complexities of their relationship, showing how deep ideological differences can challenge even the strongest of friendships. By the early 1950s, the friendship between Camus, Sartre, and de Beauvoir had effectively dissolved, each pursuing their own paths and interpretations of existentialist philosophy. This split underscored the dynamic and evolving nature of philosophical thought, where differing perspectives can both enrich and complicate intellectual discourse.
Chapter 9: Simone de Beauvoir’s The Second Sex and Its Impact on Women’s Lives.
Simone de Beauvoir, a prominent existentialist philosopher and partner of Jean-Paul Sartre, made a groundbreaking contribution to philosophy and feminism with her work ‘The Second Sex.’ Published in 1949, this influential book examined the lived experiences of women and challenged the societal norms that limited their freedom and agency. De Beauvoir argued that the differences between men and women were not inherent or natural but were instead constructed by society. She contended that women were often forced into subordinate roles, defined by men’s perspectives and expectations, rather than being allowed to define themselves.
‘The Second Sex’ delved into how women are socialized from childhood to behave in ways that conform to male-dominated societal standards. Boys are encouraged to be active and independent, while girls are taught to focus on their appearance and domestic roles. This early conditioning leads to a lifelong pattern where women’s potential is restricted, and they become dependent on male approval and support. De Beauvoir criticized these myths and stereotypes, arguing that they prevent women from achieving true freedom and self-actualization. By exposing these societal constructs, she aimed to empower women to break free from these constraints and create their own identities.
One of the key concepts in ‘The Second Sex’ is the idea of the ‘male gaze,’ a term de Beauvoir used to describe how women are often viewed and evaluated through a male perspective. This perspective forces women to see themselves as objects rather than as independent subjects with their own desires and goals. De Beauvoir explained that this objectification limits women’s ability to interact with the world on their own terms, as they are constantly aware of how they are perceived by men. This dynamic creates a power imbalance that perpetuates gender inequality and restricts women’s opportunities for personal and professional growth.
Despite its profound insights, ‘The Second Sex’ did not receive widespread acclaim immediately after its publication, partly due to censorship and misrepresentation in early English editions. Many of de Beauvoir’s main arguments were either cut or distorted, and the book was often marketed with misleading images that did not reflect its serious content. However, over time, ‘The Second Sex’ has been recognized as a seminal work in feminist philosophy, significantly contributing to the understanding of gender dynamics and the fight for women’s rights. De Beauvoir’s ability to apply existentialist principles to the experiences of women demonstrated the versatility and depth of existentialism, highlighting its relevance in addressing critical social issues.
Chapter 10: Embracing Absurdity: Camus’ Unique Take on Existentialism.
Albert Camus, although initially aligned with existentialist thinkers like Sartre and de Beauvoir, developed his own unique perspective that introduced elements of absurdity into existentialist philosophy. In his 1942 essay, ‘The Myth of Sisyphus,’ Camus explored the concept of the absurd, which arises from the clash between humans’ desire to find inherent meaning in life and the indifferent, chaotic universe that offers none. Camus used the Greek myth of Sisyphus, a king condemned to push a boulder up a hill only for it to roll back down each day, as a metaphor for human existence. He suggested that, like Sisyphus, we continue our daily routines despite knowing that our efforts may ultimately be futile.
Camus argued that recognizing the absurdity of life does not lead to despair but rather to a form of liberation. By accepting that life has no predetermined meaning, individuals are free to create their own purpose and find joy in the struggle itself. He depicted Sisyphus as a figure who embraces his fate with a wry smile, finding contentment in his endless task rather than being overwhelmed by its meaninglessness. This perspective encourages people to live authentically, finding happiness in their actions and choices even when faced with an indifferent world.
However, Camus’ views on the absurd and the creation of personal meaning differed significantly from those of Sartre and de Beauvoir. While Sartre and de Beauvoir believed that life could be imbued with meaning through individual choices and actions, Camus maintained that life remains inherently absurd regardless of our attempts to find purpose. He felt that insisting on inherent meaning was unrealistic and unhelpful, advocating instead for a balanced acceptance of absurdity combined with a commitment to live fully despite it. This fundamental disagreement highlighted the diversity within existentialist thought and set the stage for intellectual debates among leading philosophers of the time.
The divergence in their philosophies eventually led to a strain in the relationships between Camus, Sartre, and de Beauvoir. Their differing views on the role of meaning and the nature of the absurd underscored the complexity of existentialist philosophy and its various interpretations. Camus’ insistence on the absurd provided a counterpoint to the more optimistic existentialist ideas of Sartre and de Beauvoir, emphasizing that life’s lack of inherent meaning could still be a source of strength and resilience. This unique take on existentialism enriched the philosophical landscape, offering a nuanced approach to understanding human existence.
Chapter 11: The Lasting Legacy of Existentialism in Modern Life.
Existentialism, as developed by thinkers like Sartre, de Beauvoir, and Camus, has left a profound and lasting impact on modern philosophy, literature, and even everyday life. The core ideas of individual freedom, responsibility, and the creation of personal meaning continue to resonate with people around the world, influencing how they understand themselves and their place in the world. In contemporary society, the emphasis on self-determination and authenticity can be traced back to existentialist principles, encouraging individuals to pursue their passions and live in accordance with their true selves.
In literature and the arts, existentialist themes have inspired countless works that explore the complexities of human existence. Writers, filmmakers, and artists often draw on existentialist ideas to depict characters grappling with issues of identity, purpose, and freedom. These narratives challenge audiences to reflect on their own lives and the choices they make, fostering a deeper connection between art and personal experience. The existentialist influence can be seen in various genres, from existential dramas to modernist and postmodernist works, highlighting the versatility and enduring relevance of these philosophical concepts.
Beyond the realm of art and literature, existentialism has also influenced psychological theories and therapeutic practices. Concepts such as existential angst, the search for meaning, and the importance of personal choice are integral to existential psychotherapy, a form of therapy that helps individuals confront the fundamental questions of life and find their own paths to fulfillment. This approach emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and personal responsibility, aligning closely with existentialist ideas about freedom and authenticity. By addressing the deeper existential concerns of individuals, this therapeutic method provides tools for coping with life’s challenges and uncertainties.
In everyday life, existentialist ideas encourage people to take control of their destinies and live authentically. Whether it’s making career choices, forming relationships, or pursuing personal goals, the emphasis on freedom and responsibility empowers individuals to shape their own lives. This philosophy fosters a sense of agency and resilience, helping people navigate the complexities of modern existence with a clear sense of purpose and self-determination. As society continues to evolve, the principles of existentialism remain a powerful guide for those seeking to lead meaningful and authentic lives, proving that philosophy is not just an abstract discipline but a vital part of human experience.
All about the Book
Explore the vibrant world of existentialism in ‘At The Existentialist Café’ by Sarah Bakewell. This captivating narrative unveils the philosophies of key existential thinkers and their influence on life’s most profound questions, blending biography and philosophy seamlessly.
Sarah Bakewell is a renowned writer and philosopher, known for her compelling narratives that intertwine philosophy with personal stories, making complex ideas accessible and engaging for readers around the world.
Philosophers, Psychologists, Writers, Academics, Students
Reading Philosophy, Writing, Attending Book Clubs, Philosophical Discussions, Art Appreciation
Meaning of Life, Freedom and Responsibility, Absurdity of Existence, Mental Health and Existential Dilemmas
We are the architects of our own lives; we must create the meaning that we seek.
Julian Barnes, Alain de Botton, Jonathan Franzen
Samuel Johnson Prize for Non-Fiction, PEN Award for Writing in the English Language, Guardian First Book Award
1. Understand existentialist philosophy’s core concepts and ideas. #2. Explore the lives of existentialist thinkers vividly. #3. Grasp the significance of freedom and choice. #4. Appreciate existentialism’s historical and cultural context. #5. Discover how existentialism addresses human existence’s meaning. #6. Learn about existentialism’s influence on modern thought. #7. Comprehend existentialism’s impact on personal identity perception. #8. Analyze the relationship between existentialism and psychology. #9. Gain insights into existentialist views on authenticity. #10. Examine existentialism’s challenge to traditional morality. #11. Understand existentialism’s emphasis on individual responsibility. #12. Discover existentialism’s approach to angst and absurdity. #13. Delve into existentialist perspectives on life and death. #14. Explore the connections between existentialism and art. #15. Recognize existentialism’s emergence from post-war disillusionment. #16. Understand existentialism’s contribution to social and political thought. #17. Familiarize with key existentialist works and writings. #18. Discover the personal relationships among existentialist philosophers. #19. Comprehend existentialism’s critique of established social norms. #20. Appreciate existentialism’s continued relevance in contemporary life.
At The Existentialist Café, Sarah Bakewell, existentialism books, philosophy literature, existentialist thinkers, philosophy history, existentialism for beginners, French philosophy, Sartre and de Beauvoir, introduction to existentialism, existentialist philosophy, book on existentialism
https://www.amazon.com/At-Existentialist-Cafe-Finding-Philosophy/dp/1616205390
https://audiofire.in/wp-content/uploads/covers/275.png
https://www.youtube.com/@audiobooksfire
audiofireapplink