Introduction
Summary of the book Bad Science by Ben Goldacre. Before we start, let’s delve into a short overview of the book. Imagine walking through a busy shopping street lined with colorful billboards and glossy store windows. Everywhere you look, promises are made: miracle creams to erase wrinkles, magic pills to boost your brainpower, and nutrition supplements that supposedly save your health overnight. Most of us accept these claims without really understanding the science behind them. We trust words like clinically tested or scientifically proven without ever asking how these studies were done, who paid for them, or if they even exist at all. This is the world of bad science, where unreliable data, biased experiments, and misleading headlines try to trick us into believing things that aren’t necessarily true. But what if we learned to question what we hear? What if we knew how to spot cheap imitations of science? If you read on, you’ll discover the hidden tricks and learn to protect yourself from bad science’s clever illusions.
Chapter 1: How Sneaky Marketing and Shallow Claims in Health Products Fool Our Minds.
Every day, we are surrounded by advertisements for products that promise to make us healthier, fitter, or more attractive. We see TV commercials showing people smiling as they use special foot baths that detox their bodies, or expensive face creams that claim to contain DNA from exotic fish to renew our skin. At first glance, these claims sound scientific. The packaging looks advanced, and fancy terms like active molecules or cellular rejuvenation make it seem as if professionals in white lab coats carefully tested everything. But do we ever stop to check the facts? Most of us trust the claims simply because they are presented with scientific-sounding language. In reality, many such promises lack any solid evidence. These companies rely on our respect for science and our confusion about scientific terms to sell us stuff we really don’t need.
Take, for example, a so-called detox foot bath that turns the water brown after use. Advertisements say this is proof of toxins leaving your body. Sounds amazing, right? Well, when researchers looked closer, they found that the brown color came from nothing more than rust formed by the electrical parts inside the device. Your feet never released anything dangerous. Similarly, a face cream boasting fish DNA is also nonsense. DNA is far too large to pass through your skin and magically heal cells. Even if it could, fish DNA wouldn’t fix human skin because our cells don’t just absorb random genetic material and put it to use. These claims only survive because most people don’t understand the complexities of real science and feel intimidated to question them.
Advertisers know that the average person feels less confident debating scientific facts. After all, we’re not all scientists, and topics like DNA structure or chemical properties can seem too complicated to argue about. This uncertainty is exactly what marketers count on. They figure if they use scientific terms, show lab-like images, and hire models dressed as doctors, people will swallow their stories without doubt. The idea is that if something sounds science-y, it must be true. By playing with scientific language, they create a shield of authority that few dare to penetrate. As a result, we end up paying for products that might do nothing at all. Instead of curing our problems, they might just lighten our wallets and fill our cupboards with useless items.
So what can we do? The first step is to become a bit more curious and critical. Rather than believing every scientific-sounding promise, we can ask: Where is the real evidence? Were there proper tests done? Did independent experts review the results? This doesn’t mean you must become a scientist overnight. Instead, it means asking simple questions, looking for trustworthy information, and remembering that big claims need big, reliable proof. If a product sounds too good to be true, it probably is. By taking this careful, questioning approach, you can protect yourself from misleading marketing tricks. In the end, you have the power to lift the curtain on these shallow claims, see them for what they really are, and stop being fooled by clever sales tactics.
Chapter 2: Unmasking Fraudulent Nutritionists and Their Evidence-Twisting Tricks to Sell Supplements.
Have you ever been told to take a special multivitamin that promises to make you super smart, super strong, or forever healthy? Many so-called nutrition experts push vitamins and supplements as if they are magical shields against every disease under the sun. But if we dig into the actual science, do these grand claims hold up? In many cases, they do not. Often, nutritionists pick out tiny, limited lab results and pretend that these findings apply to everyone, everywhere. They might say, This vitamin worked wonders on cells in a Petri dish, so it must work for human beings too! This is like testing a toy car in your bedroom and then claiming it can win a Formula 1 race. It’s a huge stretch that ignores the need for proper, large-scale human testing.
A perfect example is when a certain nutritionist claimed that vitamin C was better at fighting HIV than a professional HIV drug called AZT. His evidence? A small study showed that when vitamin C was mixed with HIV-infected cells in a dish, it slowed down the virus’s growth. But that’s not the same as treating a living human being. The study never even mentioned AZT, nor did it say vitamin C could replace proven drugs. Still, the nutritionist twisted the findings, making it sound as if vitamins were a miraculous solution. Such false claims can cause real harm. In South Africa, for instance, because of distorted evidence and people pushing vitamins as cures, the government delayed giving out proper HIV medication, a decision that cost many lives.
Why do these frauds get away with it? One reason is that actual medical studies are complex, and most people don’t have time to check every detail. Also, sensational stories of miracle cures are more exciting to read than stories about careful testing and balanced diets. But when we fall for these tricks, we put ourselves or others at risk. Choosing a vitamin pill over a proven medication can be deadly if the illness is serious. By accepting claims without evidence, we encourage more dishonest experts to appear, each pushing their products onto a trusting public. We must learn to separate real nutrition science from clever marketing. It’s not about rejecting vitamins entirely, but about understanding that true health advice comes with solid proof, repeated tests, and honest reporting.
The lesson here is clear: Don’t be dazzled by a fancy degree or a flashy website. Look beyond the surface. Ask if the nutritionist’s claims have been tested on real patients, not just cells in a dish or a handful of volunteers. Check if independent researchers agree with these results, or if the expert is simply cherry-picking favorable data. Remember that vitamins and supplements can have their place, but they are not magical cures for everything. Real science requires careful experimentation, transparent reporting, and ongoing questioning. By being aware of how easily nutrition science can be twisted, we become smarter consumers who rely on evidence, not hype. This protects us from false promises and helps us make wiser decisions about what we put into our bodies.
Chapter 3: Hidden Agendas of Drug Companies that Shape Scientific Research and Twist Trial Results.
When you take a medicine prescribed by your doctor, you trust that it’s been tested fairly. After all, bringing a new drug to market should involve strict standards. Yet, the reality is not always so pure. Pharmaceutical companies often fund the research themselves, and because they spend huge sums of money—often hundreds of millions of dollars—they have a strong interest in seeing positive results. This can cause subtle biases to creep into how studies are designed, conducted, and reported. Rather than openly lying, these companies might choose only to publish studies where their drugs look good and quietly hide the negative ones. This is known as publication bias. As a result, doctors and patients see a distorted picture, thinking a medication is more effective or safer than it really is.
Consider antidepressants known as SSRIs. At one point, drug companies hid data showing that these pills were no more effective than sugar pills (placebos) for many patients. Without seeing the full picture, doctors continued prescribing them, and patients believed they were taking a proven treatment. Sometimes companies even double publish positive results—repeating the same study’s good outcome in different journals—as if multiple independent tests confirmed their success. This makes a drug appear to have stronger support than it actually does. The problem is not limited to antidepressants. It occurs in many fields of medicine, making it harder to trust the published research. Without honesty and openness, it’s tough for doctors to make the best choices, and patients can end up suffering the consequences.
How does this happen in the first place? One reason is the high cost of research. Governments and universities often cannot afford the enormous expense of large-scale clinical trials. So, they rely on drug companies. While this might seem like a practical solution, it gives those companies too much power over what gets studied and how results are shared. Another factor is the complexity of medical data. Interpreting results can be tricky, and by choosing certain statistics or leaving out certain patient groups, companies can paint a more flattering picture. If regulators, doctors, and the public don’t have the full data, it’s easier for a flawed or weak treatment to slip through. Trust in medicine depends on transparency, but transparency often collides with corporate profits.
To protect ourselves, we must demand that all trial data be made public. When full data sets are available, independent researchers can check the findings, point out hidden problems, and ensure that drug effectiveness is reported accurately. We can also support stronger rules that require companies to register their trials and report all results—good or bad. Doctors can remain cautious and keep up with independent reviews of drugs rather than relying solely on company press releases. Patients, too, can ask their doctors where the evidence comes from and whether alternatives exist. By shining a spotlight on the influence drug companies have, we encourage more honest research practices. This leads to safer medicines, better decisions, and a healthier balance between profit and genuine scientific discovery.
Chapter 4: Revealing the Strange Power of Placebos and How They Shape Our Healing.
Imagine feeling better after taking a pill that contains nothing but sugar. Sounds impossible, right? Yet, this happens more often than you might think, and it’s known as the placebo effect. Scientists don’t fully understand why a harmless dummy treatment can reduce pain, calm anxiety, or ease certain symptoms. One theory is that our beliefs and expectations can influence how our bodies respond. The very act of taking something that looks and feels like real medicine can trigger our brain’s healing processes. Factors like the packaging, the price, the color of the pill, and even the doctor’s confident smile all work together to convince us that we’re receiving genuine help. As a result, our bodies start to respond as if we are getting proper treatment.
This effect isn’t just about pills. A fake injection can work better than a fake pill, and a more expensive placebo can sometimes cure symptoms more effectively than a cheaper one. Pink pills can make some people feel energetic, while blue pills can make them feel calm. All these differences show that the strength of a placebo depends greatly on our expectations and beliefs. While placebos can never truly fix a broken bone or kill off a dangerous infection, they can help with certain symptoms that are influenced by our minds, such as pain or stress. In other words, the placebo effect reveals how powerful our brains can be when it comes to feeling better, even if we are fooled into thinking we’ve received real medicine.
Placebos also serve a vital purpose in research. When scientists test a new drug, they compare it against a placebo to see if the real treatment does better than just tricking the mind. If a new pill works no better than a sugar pill, then it’s likely not effective. This helps us weed out treatments that are nothing more than fancy marketing wrapped around false hope. For instance, homeopathy—heavily diluted remedies with no active ingredient—often shows results no better than a placebo. Without the strict comparison to a placebo, we might be easily misled into thinking that a useless treatment is actually working. Thus, placebos help us spot true healing power versus empty claims, maintaining a fair standard in medical science.
However, using placebos isn’t always simple or ethical. Giving a patient a fake treatment without their knowledge can mean they miss out on real help. A dark example comes from the past, where researchers let sick people believe they were treated when they actually weren’t, just to see what would happen. This caused real harm. Today, we have stricter rules to ensure patients know what’s going on. Still, the placebo effect teaches us that not all healing comes from chemicals. Sometimes, belief and the comfort of care play huge roles in recovery. Understanding this strange phenomenon helps us appreciate the complexity of healing. It also reminds us that while the mind’s influence can be strong, we must never forget the importance of genuine, proven treatments.
Chapter 5: How Poorly Designed Studies Twist Facts and Inflate the Power of Treatments.
Imagine you’re watching a test where scientists try to see if a new medicine really works. They split patients into two groups: one gets the new drug, the other doesn’t. If both groups are chosen randomly and fairly, and nobody knows who got what, the results can tell us the truth. But what if the test organizers cheat a bit? Maybe they put healthier people in the drug group and sicker people in the other, making the drug look better than it is. Such flaws in study design can completely change the story. This might not be an obvious, evil plan—sometimes, it’s just sloppy science or the desire to see a positive outcome. Either way, poorly designed studies can mislead doctors, patients, and even other scientists.
If a trial doesn’t explain how it randomized participants, we can’t trust the results fully. Imagine one group mostly includes people who would have gotten better naturally, and the other group is full of heart sink patients—those who rarely improve. Without proper randomization, it looks like the medicine is doing wonders when, in fact, the difference comes from the way participants were chosen. In one study about homeopathy, positive results showed up. However, because the researchers didn’t detail how they picked who got the treatment and who didn’t, we can’t be sure the outcome was fair. Such missing details leave room for doubt and possibly inflate the effectiveness of a treatment that might just be useless.
Blinding is another key factor. This means neither the patients nor the testers know who is getting the real treatment and who is getting a placebo. Why is this so important? Because if doctors know who’s getting the real drug, they might unconsciously give those patients extra care or encouragement. Patients who know they’re on the new medicine might feel more hopeful and report feeling better. On the other hand, those who know they received a placebo might feel discouraged and report worse outcomes. All this skews the results. Proper blinding removes these human influences and gives a clearer picture of a treatment’s true power. Studies without proper blinding often show inflated benefits that vanish once a fair test is done.
When we understand the importance of well-designed studies, we become better at judging research claims. We learn to ask questions: Was the study randomized correctly? Were the participants fairly chosen? Did the researchers or patients know who received what? If the answers are missing or suspicious, we should doubt the claims. Real science demands precision and honesty. Without it, we might be convinced that certain treatments are amazing when they’re actually worthless. By recognizing the tricks and pitfalls of flawed studies, we protect ourselves from hype and ensure that the treatments we rely on are backed by solid, trustworthy evidence. This careful approach to understanding studies puts us in control, ensuring that we’re guided by facts rather than illusions.
Chapter 6: The Powerful but Sometimes Dangerous Role of Statistics in Scientific Proof.
Numbers can reveal patterns that our eyes miss. That’s why statistics are so crucial in science. They help us understand how likely something is to be true and show whether a treatment really works or if differences happen just by chance. For example, if a small study suggests that a medicine helps, we might not trust it fully. But if we gather results from many small studies into one large meta-analysis, we might spot a clear, reliable pattern. This helped doctors realize that steroids, once overlooked, actually reduced infant death rates in premature births. Statistics brought hidden truths to light. When used properly, they help prevent us from dismissing helpful treatments or wrongly celebrating useless ones.
Yet, statistics can be misunderstood or misused, sometimes leading to tragic errors. A famous case is Sally Clark, a mother wrongly imprisoned for killing her two babies because the jury believed it was statistically impossible that both children died from a rare natural cause. The experts who gave this figure did not consider that if one child has a certain health risk, the second might share it due to genetics or environment. They treated each death as an unrelated coin toss and got the math all wrong. This shows how powerful and misleading a single incorrect statistic can be. People trusted the numbers without questioning the assumptions behind them, resulting in a terrible injustice.
So how do we use statistics responsibly? We must remember that numbers never exist in a vacuum. They come from studies with certain conditions, certain populations, and certain limits. One must consider the assumptions behind any calculation. For example, stating that something has a 1 in a million chance might sound exact, but how was that number reached? If it was based on a tiny study or bad assumptions, the statistic may be worthless or even harmful. Good statistical work requires careful thinking, peer review, and openness to critique. Without these checks, statistics can become just another tool to twist the truth and mislead the public.
By learning to question numbers, we gain the power to resist false claims. Rather than being impressed by big, scary statistics or dazzling percentages, we can ask how those numbers were found. Good statistics can save lives by revealing the benefits of a hidden treatment or exposing the harm in a widely used drug. Bad statistics can cause harm by misleading doctors, patients, judges, and the general public. The key is not to abandon statistics, but to understand them better. With a critical eye, we can use statistics as a genuine guide, helping us navigate complex scientific data without falling for sensational headlines or unfair accusations.
Chapter 7: How Our Minds Trick Us with Biases, Beliefs, and Imaginary Connections.
Think about how you remember events. You might not recall what you had for breakfast a month ago, but you probably remember an unusual event like a sudden argument or a shocking movie scene. Our brains are wired to notice and remember rare, surprising things more than dull, everyday details. This can cause us to form unbalanced views. When we think back on what usually happens, we might get it wrong because we notice the weird exceptions more than the normal cases. Our minds favor striking stories over boring facts, which can lead to misunderstandings and false conclusions.
We also create connections where none exist. Suppose you had a terrible headache and then tried a new herbal remedy. Next day, your headache is gone. It’s easy to think, The herb cured me! But maybe your headache would have disappeared anyway. Illnesses often come and go naturally, and when we try a new solution at the worst point, the natural return to normal might trick us into believing the remedy worked. This error is called regression to the mean. If we’re not careful, we’ll credit countless useless treatments just because we took them when we felt our worst, rather than understanding that we were bound to get better on our own.
Our prior beliefs also cloud our judgment. If you strongly believe in a certain health cure, you’re more likely to accept studies that support your view and be overly critical of studies that disagree. Experiments have shown that both sides of a debate are quick to find flaws in evidence challenging their beliefs, but overlook flaws in evidence that aligns with them. This happens to smart, educated people too. It’s a fundamental human trait, not a sign of stupidity. Knowing this about ourselves helps us remain humble and open-minded. Instead of being defensive, we can look more carefully at claims that contradict our views.
Understanding these mental traps empowers us to judge scientific claims more fairly. If we accept that our memories are selective, that we imagine causal links where none exist, and that we resist evidence against our beliefs, we can learn to pause before jumping to conclusions. We can double-check whether improvements in our health came from a medicine or just natural healing. We can ask ourselves if we’re being too harsh on evidence that opposes our viewpoint. By recognizing our own biases, we become better thinkers and decision-makers. This knowledge will help us face the final chapters, which show how these human weaknesses are exploited by media stories that sensationalize science and guide public opinion with misleading tales.
Chapter 8: Sensational Headlines and Silly Science Reporting That Confuse the Public.
Have you ever read a newspaper headline claiming something like Scientists Find the Happiest Day of the Year or We’ll All Have Giant Heads by the Year 3000? Such stories grab attention and make people curious, but they often have little scientific substance. Real scientific progress usually happens slowly and carefully, with small steps that rarely produce dramatic daily news. Because editors want exciting headlines, they often choose silly or exaggerated stories over genuine but less thrilling ones. This leaves the public with a view of science that’s more about crazy predictions and weird trivia than true understanding.
Back in the mid-1900s, groundbreaking discoveries—like ways to treat polio—were common. Now, advances are more subtle: improving surgical methods, refining drug dosages, and extending life expectancy inch by inch. These slow gains don’t fit nicely into a catchy headline. So, newspapers turn to fluff. One paid-for study claimed humans in the future would split into two separate species, one beautiful and smart, the other ugly and unhealthy. This claim ran in many papers, even though it contradicted what we know about evolution. Later, it was discovered that this study was just a promotional stunt by a TV channel. Readers were left confused, thinking they had learned something scientific, when in fact they’d been fed a marketing gimmick.
This pattern of silly reporting harms our understanding of science. Instead of seeing research as careful, step-by-step progress, we see it as a parade of wild claims. People might start believing that scientists spend their time making ridiculous predictions or coming up with the happiest day. Serious scientific findings, which could genuinely improve health or solve big problems, struggle to gain attention. Because of this, many people grow skeptical. They don’t know which stories to trust and end up believing that science is full of meaningless chatter, not realizing they’ve been misled by the media’s priorities.
To protect ourselves, we must become more critical readers. When we see a bizarre headline, we can ask: Who conducted this study? Is it reported in a respectable scientific journal? Does it align with what we know from well-established research? If we find suspicious details, like the study being funded by a TV channel celebrating its birthday, we know it’s not real science. By questioning these stories, we encourage better reporting. We show media outlets that we won’t be fooled by nonsense. Over time, this might push them to give more space to important scientific work that deserves our attention. With informed skepticism, we can enjoy the fun of a wild headline while knowing when it’s just a fairy tale dressed up in a lab coat.
Chapter 9: Fear-Mongering News That Twist Science into Scary but Unfounded Threats.
Headlines that make us worry about deadly diseases, superbugs, or cosmic disasters often dominate front pages. Media outlets know fear sells. But what if the scary scientific story you read has no solid basis in fact? Some so-called experts quoted in these articles aren’t really experts at all. They might be individuals with fancy titles, but no real knowledge, pushing products they sell in their backyard sheds. Real microbiologists or medical professionals might say there’s no danger, but their quiet voices often go unheard because the shocking headline already grabbed everyone’s attention.
Take the case of MRSA, a dangerous hospital infection. Some newspapers once claimed it was lurking everywhere, based on a self-declared expert’s tests. Real scientists found no such thing, and the expert turned out to have questionable credentials, even selling anti-MRSA items himself. Despite this, newspapers ran with the story because panic and scandal catch readers’ eyes. Similarly, years ago, many headlines spread the idea that the MMR vaccine (for measles, mumps, rubella) caused autism in children. Although large, careful studies showed no link, the media preferred the dramatic angle. They gave attention to a single researcher’s flawed claims and ignored the overwhelming evidence from true experts.
This approach misleads the public and can have real consequences. Many parents, frightened by false autism claims, avoided the MMR vaccine. As a result, measles and other preventable diseases made comebacks. The media never fully acknowledged that they had helped spread these fears. In doing so, they undermined trust in safe vaccines and caused unnecessary suffering. The problem is that real scientists often struggle to be heard. They may not simplify their language for TV interviews or sell a dramatic narrative, and so their calm, careful voices get drowned out by louder, scarier messages that lack proper evidence.
To defend ourselves, we should remain calm when faced with alarming headlines. Instead of panicking, we can look up reliable sources: respected health organizations, well-known medical journals, or statements from established professionals. We can ask: Does the article reference concrete studies? Are we hearing from genuine experts who have proper qualifications and no hidden motives? By doing this, we weaken the media’s power to frighten us with bad science and emotional stories. Over time, if more readers demand evidence and clarity, media outlets might become more responsible. In the end, true understanding and balanced information lead to better decisions for individuals, families, and entire communities.
Chapter 10: How Challenging Bad Science Empowers Us to Make Smarter Life Choices.
We’ve seen how bad science can creep into our lives: from miracle beauty treatments that do nothing, to nutrition scams that twist data, to drug companies hiding important results, to shady experts scaring us with nonsense. All these issues share a common thread: they rely on our trust and ignorance. But here’s the good news: by learning to question claims, to look for proper evidence, and to understand how research should be conducted, we can protect ourselves. We don’t need advanced degrees to spot red flags—just a willingness to be curious, a bit skeptical, and ready to ask for proof when someone makes a big claim.
Being a careful thinker changes our relationship with health products, diets, medicines, and news stories. Instead of being passive consumers, we become active judges. We might still buy vitamins, but now we’ll check if they are genuinely helpful. We might still read newspaper stories about science, but now we’ll verify their sources. We won’t be fooled by complicated jargon or flashy marketing. When a drug company announces a new miracle cure, we’ll wait to see if independent studies confirm its benefits. When a panic story spreads about a vaccine, we’ll pause and ask: what do real experts say?
This approach improves not just our personal choices, but also the health of society. If people stop falling for scary false reports, maybe media outlets will focus on facts. If patients demand that drug companies release all their trial data, maybe drugs will be tested more honestly. If we teach each other to spot shoddy claims in everyday life, maybe fewer people will waste money on nonsense treatments or, worse, avoid real therapies that could save their lives. Over time, a more informed public forces the world of science and medicine to do better.
In the end, challenging bad science isn’t about becoming cynical or doubting everything. It’s about valuing truth. It’s about recognizing that real science is a careful process that leads us closer to understanding how our bodies, minds, and the world work. It’s about seeing that not all who wear a white coat or speak scientific words deserve our trust. And it’s about standing up for honesty so that our health decisions, our knowledge, and our future are guided by accurate, reliable information. By learning these lessons, we embrace the power to choose wisely, living healthier, happier, and more informed lives—free from the tricks of those who would misuse science for their own gain.
All about the Book
Discover the truth behind the myths of science and medicine in Bad Science. Ben Goldacre reveals how pseudoscience misleads the public, empowering readers with critical thinking skills to differentiate fact from fiction in health and wellness.
Ben Goldacre is an influential doctor, writer, and campaigner renowned for advocating scientific integrity and clear evidence in medicine, captivating readers with his insightful critiques of bad science and media misrepresentation.
Medical Professionals, Journalists, Researchers, Educators, Health Policy Makers
Science Communication, Critical Thinking, Public Health Advocacy, Reading Non-Fiction, Health and Wellness Blogging
Misrepresentation of scientific data, Pseudoscience in media, Public health misinformation, Ethics in medical research
We deserve better than the nonsense we are often fed, and it is time we started demanding it.
Stephen Fry, Richard Dawkins, Brian Cox
Royal Society of Medicine Book Award, The Independent Award for Best Non-Fiction Book, British Book Award for Best Popular Non-Fiction
1. How can we identify misleading scientific claims? #2. Why is critical thinking essential in science? #3. What are the dangers of misreported medical data? #4. How does media amplify faulty scientific information? #5. Why should we be skeptical of miracle cures? #6. What techniques do pseudoscientists use to deceive? #7. How can bias affect scientific research outcomes? #8. How does the placebo effect impact medical trials? #9. Why is peer review crucial for scientific validity? #10. What role do statistics play in science journalism? #11. How are pharmaceutical companies influencing scientific studies? #12. What are common misconceptions about alternative medicine? #13. How do journalists misinterpret scientific findings? #14. How can we differentiate science from pseudoscience? #15. Why is transparency important in clinical trials? #16. How does bad science spread in public discourse? #17. What skills help debunk faulty scientific claims? #18. How can experts help mitigate science misinformation? #19. Why are control groups necessary in experiments? #20. How do conflicts of interest impact research integrity?
Bad Science, Ben Goldacre, science communication, medical myths, critical thinking, health misinformation, evidence-based medicine, scam detection, healthcare critique, scientific literacy, popular science books, debunking pseudoscience
https://www.amazon.com/Bad-Science-Ben-Goldacre/dp/8610015033
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