Introduction
Summary of the Book Becoming Beauvoir by Kate Kirkpatrick Before we proceed, let’s look into a brief overview of the book. Imagine a young woman in 20th-century Paris, sitting in a bustling café with her notebook, passionately debating ideas that would change the world. This is Simone de Beauvoir, a brilliant thinker whose life was filled with adventures, challenges, and groundbreaking ideas. In ‘Becoming Beauvoir,’ we journey through her inspiring story, uncovering the true strength behind her philosophies and her fight for women’s rights. From her childhood explorations to her revolutionary partnership with Jean-Paul Sartre, each chapter reveals the remarkable events and thoughts that shaped her into a trailblazer. This book invites you to dive into Simone’s world, understanding how her courage and intellect continue to inspire millions today. Get ready to embark on a fascinating journey of discovery, empowerment, and the relentless pursuit of equality.
Chapter 1: Unveiling Simone de Beauvoir’s True Identity Beyond Sartre’s Shadow.
Simone de Beauvoir has often been seen only as Jean-Paul Sartre’s partner, but there’s so much more to her story. Imagine sitting in a cozy Parisian café, watching Simone scribble passionately in her notebook while Sartre debates philosophy with friends. People usually think of Simone as the quieter half of their duo, not realizing her own brilliance and independence. This image has overshadowed her true contributions to philosophy and feminism. Throughout her life, Simone faced the challenge of being recognized for her own ideas rather than just being linked to Sartre. Society’s tendency to downplay the achievements of intellectual women made it hard for Simone to shine on her own. However, those who delve deeper discover a thinker with original ideas and a powerful voice that stood strong even in the face of adversity.
Simone’s early life was filled with experiences that shaped her into the philosopher she became. Growing up in an upper-middle-class family in Paris, she was encouraged to explore and question the world around her. Her education at a prestigious convent school fostered her intellectual growth, where she was praised for thinking like a man—an unusual compliment for a young girl at the time. This environment planted the seeds of her later beliefs in equality and independence. Unlike many women of her era, Simone was not content with traditional roles. She was determined to carve her own path, both intellectually and personally. This determination was evident in her decision to pursue higher education in philosophy, a field dominated by men.
As Simone’s relationship with Sartre developed, so did her philosophical ideas. They spent countless hours discussing existentialism, freedom, and the human condition. While Sartre became more publicly recognized, Simone continued to develop her own theories that would later influence second-wave feminism. Her work, especially ‘The Second Sex,’ challenged the societal norms that oppressed women and called for gender equality. Despite facing criticism and being underestimated, Simone remained steadfast in her beliefs. She used her intellect to fight against the misrepresentation and undervaluing of women’s contributions to philosophy and society.
Simone de Beauvoir’s legacy is not just tied to her relationship with Sartre but also to her groundbreaking work and unwavering commitment to equality. Her ability to stand up against societal expectations and advocate for women’s rights has inspired generations. By understanding her true identity and the depth of her contributions, we can appreciate Simone not just as Sartre’s partner but as a formidable thinker and advocate for change. Her story teaches us the importance of recognizing and valuing the contributions of all individuals, regardless of gender or societal expectations.
Chapter 2: How Childhood Adventures in Paris Shaped Beauvoir’s Bold Ideas.
Simone de Beauvoir’s childhood was anything but ordinary. Born in Paris in 1908, she spent her early years exploring her family’s country estates, immersing herself in the wonders of nature. Picture a young Simone wandering through lush gardens, observing plants and animals with a curious mind. These adventures were more than just play; they ignited her passion for understanding the world around her. Her parents, Georges and François Beauvoir, valued education and encouraged her to think independently. This nurturing environment allowed Simone to develop a keen sense of curiosity and a desire to question the status quo from a young age.
Her education at a prestigious convent school played a significant role in shaping her thoughts. Despite the strict and religious setting, Simone excelled academically, impressing her father with her advanced thinking. He once proudly exclaimed, Simone thinks like a man, highlighting her intellectual prowess in a time when women were often discouraged from pursuing scholarly interests. This early recognition of her abilities boosted her confidence and reinforced her belief in equality. The contrasting beliefs of her parents—her mother’s devout Catholicism and her father’s atheism—introduced Simone to the concept of difference and debate, laying the groundwork for her later philosophical inquiries.
Books were Simone’s window to the world beyond her immediate surroundings. At just 11 years old, she discovered Louisa May Alcott’s ‘Little Women,’ a novel that deeply influenced her. The character of Jo March, a strong-willed girl determined to follow her passions, resonated with Simone. She admired Jo’s refusal to conform to traditional female roles and her pursuit of education and writing. This inspiration fueled Simone’s own aspirations to live a life defined by her interests and intellect rather than societal expectations. She began to question why women were often restricted from pursuing their dreams while men were encouraged to do so, sparking her early feminist thoughts.
Simone’s reflections on love and relationships were also shaped during her youth. She pondered how she could truly love someone who wouldn’t treat her as an equal. This led her to believe that the most meaningful relationships were based on mutual respect and intellectual companionship. Simone envisioned a love friendship where ideas and support were exchanged equally, rather than a traditional romantic relationship where one partner might dominate the other. These early ideas about equality and mutual respect would later become central themes in her philosophical work and personal life, demonstrating how her childhood experiences laid the foundation for her lifelong commitment to gender equality and personal autonomy.
Chapter 3: The Turning Point When Beauvoir Questioned Her Faith and Found Her Path.
Simone de Beauvoir’s relationship with faith was a pivotal aspect of her early life, deeply influencing her philosophical journey. As a child, she found solace in the rituals of her devout Catholic mother, attending Mass regularly and contemplating the wonders of the natural world as manifestations of divine creation. Imagine Simone waking up each morning on her family’s country estate, marveling at the sunrise and the intricate beauty of nature, seeing it all as a testament to God’s handiwork. This serene faith provided her with a sense of purpose and equality, believing that all human souls were equal in the eyes of God.
However, as Simone entered her teenage years, her unwavering faith began to waver. The world seemed less perfect, and she started to see the contradictions and injustices around her. Her father’s behavior—late nights, excessive drinking, and visits to brothels—clashed sharply with the saintly image expected of her. These experiences shattered her idealistic view of a harmonious, divine world and introduced her to the harsh realities of human flaws and moral failings. Simone began to question the fairness of a world where men could act immorally while women were expected to maintain purity and virtue, fueling her critical thinking and philosophical inquiries.
A particularly traumatic incident further eroded Simone’s faith. During a visit to a religious bookshop in Saint-Sulpice, the shop’s attendant behaved inappropriately, exposing himself to her. This violation not only violated her sense of safety but also shattered her belief in a benevolent God who would protect and guide her. Faced with such personal suffering and injustice, Simone found it easier to contemplate a world without God, rejecting the idea of a divine being responsible for society’s many ills. This shift from faith to atheism marked a significant turning point, pushing her to explore existentialist ideas about freedom and self-determination.
Despite her growing atheism, Simone’s early religious beliefs continued to influence her philosophy. She saw her role as a philosopher similar to that of a prophet, driven by an inner voice urging her to seek and share truth. This sense of purpose kept her committed to her intellectual pursuits, even as she grappled with doubts and uncertainties. Simone’s journey from faith to existentialism illustrates the complexity of her thought process and her relentless quest for meaning and ethical understanding. Her ability to question and redefine her beliefs laid the groundwork for her later contributions to philosophy and feminism, showcasing her resilience and intellectual courage.
Chapter 4: The Life-Altering Summer in Lourdes That Shaped Beauvoir’s Views on Suffering and Sacrifice.
Summer of 1926 was a defining period in Simone de Beauvoir’s life, marking a profound shift in her philosophical outlook. At 18, she traveled to Lourdes, a renowned Catholic pilgrimage site, with her aunt. Lourdes is known for its healing waters and the suffering of those who visit in hopes of miraculous cures. For Simone, witnessing the immense physical and emotional pain of the pilgrims was eye-opening. She observed people seeking relief from their ailments, driven by faith and hope, and was deeply moved by their vulnerability and resilience. This experience forced her to confront the realities of suffering and the limitations of her own comforts and privileges.
Simone felt a sense of shame and guilt as she compared her own life to the suffering she witnessed. She realized how detached she had been from the struggles of others, living a life of relative ease and privilege. The sight of people enduring such hardship made her question the value of her own pursuits and the moral implications of her comfortable existence. For a moment, she considered dedicating her life entirely to helping others, abandoning her own interests and ambitions in the process. This intense emotional experience sparked a deep introspection about her values and the kind of life she wanted to lead.
After much reflection, Simone decided that complete self-sacrifice was not the answer. Instead, she sought a balance between pursuing her own happiness and contributing to the well-being of others. She realized that it was possible to live a fulfilling life while also being generous and supportive to those in need. This balance became a cornerstone of her ethical philosophy, emphasizing the importance of personal freedom alongside social responsibility. Simone understood that neglecting her own needs entirely would make her less effective in helping others, highlighting the necessity of self-care in the pursuit of altruism.
The summer in Lourdes also influenced Simone’s views on morality and ethics. She began to ponder whether a moral code could be based primarily on respect and consideration for others. This led her to explore the idea that individuals could remain free and independent while also being deeply connected to and supportive of their communities. She believed that philosophy should be grounded in real-life experiences and emotions, rather than existing in an abstract, detached realm. This realization inspired her to bridge the gap between intellectual thought and practical living, using literature and personal narratives to convey complex philosophical ideas. The transformative experience in Lourdes thus played a crucial role in shaping Simone de Beauvoir’s commitment to ethical living and her approach to philosophy.
Chapter 5: How Beauvoir and Sartre’s Meeting at the Sorbonne Sparked a Revolutionary Partnership.
Simone de Beauvoir’s encounter with Jean-Paul Sartre at the Sorbonne was the beginning of a partnership that would change the landscape of philosophy and feminism. Both were preparing for the highly competitive Aggrégation exam, a prestigious qualification that allowed them to teach at the highest levels. Imagine two young, passionate minds meeting in a room filled with intellectual energy and ambition. Their initial interactions were not immediately intense; Simone was actually infatuated with Sartre’s friend, René Meuh. When Sartre attempted to ask her out, Simone was not interested at first, sending her sister in his place with unflattering descriptions. This playful rejection was just the start of their complex relationship.
As fate would have it, René Meuh failed the Aggrégation exam, creating an opportunity for Sartre to step into Simone’s life more directly. Sartre’s true personality began to emerge during their time at the École Normale Supérieure. Beneath his outwardly mischievous and witty exterior, he was deeply generous and passionate about philosophy. He took the time to discuss complex ideas with anyone who showed interest, revealing a side that captivated Simone. Their mutual respect for each other’s intellect quickly turned into a profound bond, both as friends and as intellectual partners. This connection laid the foundation for their lifelong collaboration and romantic relationship.
Their partnership was built on a shared commitment to existentialist philosophy, emphasizing freedom, responsibility, and the shaping of one’s own destiny. Together, they explored ideas about human existence, ethics, and the nature of freedom, often challenging each other’s thoughts and pushing the boundaries of their understanding. Simone admired Sartre’s ability to articulate complex concepts and his unwavering dedication to his beliefs. In return, Sartre valued Simone’s insightful critiques and her ability to bring depth and clarity to their discussions. Their intellectual synergy was a driving force behind their prolific contributions to philosophy and literature.
Despite their deep connection, Simone and Sartre maintained their individual identities and encouraged each other’s personal growth. Simone continued to pursue her own philosophical inquiries and literary projects, demonstrating that their relationship was built on equality and mutual respect. This dynamic allowed both of them to flourish independently while supporting each other’s ambitions. Their partnership became a model of intellectual collaboration, showing that two strong, independent thinkers could work together harmoniously without overshadowing one another. The meeting at the Sorbonne was not just the start of a romantic relationship but the beginning of a revolutionary intellectual partnership that would leave a lasting impact on the world.
Chapter 6: The Challenges and Triumphs of Beauvoir and Sartre’s Open Relationship in Their Formative Years.
Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre’s decision to have an open relationship was both revolutionary and complex, shaping their personal lives and philosophical ideas. In the summer of 1929, while staying at Simone’s family estate in Mérignac, they decided to live together without the constraints of traditional monogamy. This decision was driven by their shared belief in personal freedom and self-realization. They wanted to explore love and relationships on their own terms, free from societal expectations. This arrangement allowed them to maintain their independence while being deeply connected intellectually and emotionally.
Their open relationship aligned with their existentialist beliefs, emphasizing individual freedom and the importance of authentic living. Both Simone and Sartre believed that true fulfillment came from pursuing one’s own desires and interests without being tied down by conventional norms. This approach suited Simone, who valued her independence and had romantic feelings for other men alongside Sartre. They saw their relationship as a partnership of equals, where each person could love freely without feeling confined or restricted. This openness was meant to foster mutual respect and understanding, allowing both individuals to grow and explore their identities.
However, navigating an open relationship was not without its challenges. As they began to form connections with other people, tensions and conflicts arose. For instance, their involvement with Olga Kozakovich, a brilliant 19-year-old student, tested the boundaries of their agreement. While Simone and Sartre were initially excited about the possibilities of their open relationship, the reality proved difficult to manage. Simone was unsettled by Sartre’s deepening infatuation with Olga, and Sartre struggled when Olga pursued another relationship. These experiences highlighted the complexities of balancing personal freedom with emotional stability, revealing that even the most well-intentioned arrangements could lead to unforeseen complications.
Despite these difficulties, Simone and Sartre remained committed to their principles of freedom and self-realization. Their open relationship required constant communication and negotiation, teaching them valuable lessons about trust, jealousy, and the importance of maintaining their bond amidst external relationships. Over time, they learned to navigate the delicate balance between personal independence and mutual support, strengthening their partnership. This experience also influenced Simone’s views on ethical relationships, reinforcing her belief that freedom must be coupled with responsibility and respect for others. Their ability to work through these challenges demonstrated the resilience of their relationship and their dedication to living authentically according to their philosophical ideals.
Chapter 7: The Philosophical Clash Between Beauvoir and Sartre That Shaped Modern Feminism.
Even the closest partners can have disagreements, and Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre were no exception. In 1943, Sartre published ‘Being and Nothingness,’ a seminal work in existentialist philosophy that introduced complex ideas about human freedom and identity. While Simone supported many of Sartre’s concepts, she found herself disagreeing with certain aspects of his arguments. This philosophical clash was significant because it allowed Simone to develop her own distinct ideas, particularly concerning ethics and the role of power in human freedom. Her disagreements with Sartre became a catalyst for her own groundbreaking work, including ‘The Second Sex.’
One of the main points of contention was Sartre’s concept of bad faith, which refers to the idea of acting inauthentically by letting one’s circumstances define their identity. Sartre argued that individuals should strive to transcend their facticity—those aspects of their identity they cannot change, like gender or social status—to achieve true freedom. However, Simone questioned whether this was feasible for everyone, especially those oppressed by systemic forces. She pointed out that for many people, especially women in patriarchal societies, transcending their facticity was not simply a matter of personal choice but was constrained by social and political power structures.
Simone’s critique highlighted the limitations of Sartre’s existentialism when applied to real-world inequalities. She argued that without acknowledging the power dynamics that restrict individuals’ freedoms, the philosophy remained incomplete and potentially exclusionary. For example, Simone questioned how a woman confined to a harem could exercise the same freedom as someone in a more privileged position. This critical perspective forced both her and Sartre to rethink and refine their philosophical positions, leading to more nuanced discussions about freedom, responsibility, and ethics. Simone’s insistence on addressing these issues contributed significantly to the development of feminist existentialism, which seeks to integrate considerations of gender and power into existentialist thought.
Simone’s disagreements with Sartre did not weaken their partnership; instead, it strengthened it by allowing both to grow intellectually. Their ongoing debates and discussions fostered a deeper understanding of each other’s viewpoints and enriched their collective philosophical work. Simone’s focus on ethics and the lived experiences of women provided a crucial counterbalance to Sartre’s more abstract concepts, making their collaboration more comprehensive and impactful. This dynamic interplay between their ideas underscored the importance of diverse perspectives in philosophical discourse and paved the way for Simone de Beauvoir’s influential role in modern feminism. Her ability to challenge and expand upon Sartre’s ideas demonstrated her intellectual independence and her commitment to addressing the complexities of human freedom and equality.
Chapter 8: Beauvoir’s Vision for an Ethical Life: Balancing Freedom with Responsibility.
Simone de Beauvoir’s philosophy extended beyond abstract existentialism to address the practical question of how to live an ethical life. While Sartre emphasized individual freedom and the importance of making authentic choices, he offered little guidance on how to apply these principles ethically. Simone, on the other hand, believed that freedom must be exercised responsibly, considering the impact of one’s actions on others. She saw ethics as an essential component of existentialism, arguing that our decisions shape not only our own lives but also the lives of those around us. This perspective added a moral dimension to the pursuit of personal freedom, emphasizing the interconnectedness of human relationships.
In her essay ‘Pyrrhus and Sinea,’ Simone illustrated the importance of considering the consequences of our actions. She used the analogy of a king contemplating whether to conquer the world or remain at home, highlighting the ethical implications of exercising power over others. Conquering the world would have a profound impact on countless lives, while staying at home would not affect anyone else. Through this analogy, Simone emphasized that ethical living involves recognizing the responsibility we have towards others and the broader community. Our choices are not made in isolation; they create conditions that affect the lives and freedoms of others, making ethical consideration a fundamental aspect of decision-making.
Simone’s view contrasted sharply with Sartre’s more individualistic approach. While Sartre focused on personal authenticity and freedom, Simone expanded the conversation to include the ethical responsibilities that come with that freedom. She argued that true freedom cannot exist without a sense of duty towards others, as our actions inevitably influence the world around us. This led her to develop a more relational understanding of ethics, where individuals are seen as part of a larger social fabric. Simone believed that our ethical obligations are rooted in our relationships and the need to support and uplift one another, rather than merely pursuing our own desires.
By integrating ethics into existentialist philosophy, Simone de Beauvoir provided a more comprehensive framework for living a meaningful life. She argued that ethical living requires a balance between personal freedom and social responsibility, urging individuals to use their freedom in ways that benefit not only themselves but also others. This approach underscores the importance of empathy, cooperation, and mutual respect in creating a just and equitable society. Simone’s emphasis on ethical responsibility has had a lasting impact on feminist thought and existentialist philosophy, highlighting the necessity of considering the broader implications of our actions and striving to create a world where everyone can exercise their freedom responsibly.
Chapter 9: The Hidden Strengths in Beauvoir’s Letters and Journals Revealing Her True Self.
Behind the public persona of Simone de Beauvoir lies a treasure trove of personal letters and unpublished journals that reveal her true strength and independence. These intimate documents provide a deeper understanding of her thoughts, emotions, and the challenges she faced in both her personal and intellectual life. While many people know Simone as Sartre’s partner, her letters and journals paint a picture of a woman who was fiercely independent and intellectually formidable. They show her grappling with complex ideas, maintaining relationships outside of her partnership with Sartre, and asserting her own identity as a thinker and writer.
Simone’s letters to other men, in particular, challenge the simplistic view of her as merely a submissive figure in her relationship with Sartre. These correspondences reveal her capacity for deep romantic connections and her desire for intellectual companionship beyond her partnership. For example, her affectionate letters to Claude Lanzmann, a filmmaker with whom she lived for several years, showcase her ability to form meaningful and independent relationships. These relationships were not just romantic but also intellectual, highlighting her need for a partner who could engage with her ideas on an equal footing. This aspect of her life underscores her commitment to equality and mutual respect in all her relationships.
Her unpublished journals offer even more insight into her personal struggles and triumphs. In these journals, Simone candidly discusses her doubts, fears, and the pressures she faced as a woman in a male-dominated intellectual world. She writes about the challenges of balancing her personal life with her professional ambitions, the societal expectations placed upon her, and her relentless pursuit of truth and equality. These entries reveal a woman who was not only a brilliant philosopher but also someone who faced significant personal battles with resilience and determination. Her ability to maintain her intellectual independence despite societal pressures speaks to her inner strength and unwavering commitment to her principles.
Furthermore, Simone’s journals and letters document the evolution of her philosophical ideas over time. They show how her thoughts developed through continuous reflection, debate, and real-life experiences. This ongoing process of intellectual growth highlights her dedication to understanding and improving the human condition. By examining these personal documents, readers can appreciate the depth and originality of Simone de Beauvoir’s contributions to philosophy and feminism. They reveal a thinker who was not afraid to challenge the status quo, question established norms, and advocate for a more equitable and just society. These hidden strengths in her personal writings underscore Simone’s role as a pioneering intellectual and a champion for women’s rights.
Chapter 10: Simone de Beauvoir’s Lasting Legacy: Inspiring Future Generations of Thinkers and Activists.
Simone de Beauvoir’s impact extends far beyond her own lifetime, continuing to inspire future generations of thinkers, writers, and activists. Her groundbreaking work, particularly ‘The Second Sex,’ laid the foundation for modern feminist theory by critically examining the roles and expectations placed on women. This seminal text challenged readers to rethink societal norms and advocate for gender equality, sparking conversations and movements that have transformed the world. Simone’s ability to articulate the struggles and aspirations of women made her a central figure in the fight for women’s rights, influencing countless individuals to pursue equality and justice.
Her philosophical contributions have also left an indelible mark on existentialism and ethics. Simone’s integration of ethical responsibility into existentialist philosophy provided a more comprehensive framework for understanding human freedom and social responsibility. Her ideas about the interconnectedness of individuals and the importance of considering the impact of one’s actions on others have enriched philosophical discourse and provided valuable insights for those seeking to live meaningful and ethical lives. Simone’s work encourages individuals to balance personal freedom with social duty, promoting a philosophy that is both intellectually rigorous and deeply humanistic.
Simone de Beauvoir’s legacy is also evident in the ongoing relevance of her ideas in contemporary discussions about gender, power, and identity. Her exploration of the ways in which societal structures oppress and limit individuals continues to resonate in today’s world, where issues of gender equality and social justice remain pressing. Her emphasis on the importance of personal agency and the fight against systemic oppression serves as a guiding light for modern activists and scholars. Simone’s work challenges us to continue questioning and dismantling the barriers that prevent true equality and to strive for a society where everyone can realize their full potential.
Moreover, Simone’s life story serves as an inspiration for those who seek to challenge societal norms and pursue their passions with courage and integrity. Her unwavering commitment to her beliefs, despite facing significant opposition and misrepresentation, exemplifies the power of resilience and intellectual bravery. Simone de Beauvoir showed that it is possible to forge one’s own path and make meaningful contributions to the world, even in the face of adversity. Her dedication to both her personal growth and the betterment of society offers a powerful example for future generations to follow, encouraging them to think critically, act ethically, and strive for a more just and equitable world.
All about the Book
Discover the transformative journey of Simone de Beauvoir through Kate Kirkpatrick’s insightful narrative. Explores feminism, existentialism, and personal development, making it essential reading for those seeking empowerment and understanding of Beauvoir’s impact on modern thought.
Kate Kirkpatrick is a noted biographer and scholar, acclaimed for her expertise on feminist philosophy and literature, particularly regarding Simone de Beauvoir’s profound influence on contemporary feminist discourse.
Philosophers, Feminist Scholars, Literary Critics, Sociologists, Gender Studies Professionals
Reading Philosophy, Attending Lectures, Writing Essays, Debating Social Issues, Exploring Feminist Literature
Feminism and Gender Equality, Existential Philosophy, Female Empowerment, Historical Context of Women’s Rights
One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman.
Emma Watson, Margaret Atwood, Angela Davis
Biographers International Organization Award, The Women’s Prize for Fiction, American Philosophical Association Book Award
1. How did Beauvoir challenge traditional gender roles effectively? #2. What influenced Beauvoir’s views on existentialism profoundly? #3. How does Beauvoir relate freedom to feminist thought? #4. What impact did Beauvoir’s upbringing have on her? #5. How did Beauvoir define the concept of the Other? #6. What role did literature play in Beauvoir’s philosophy? #7. How did Beauvoir’s relationships shape her ideas? #8. What challenges did Beauvoir face as a woman philosopher? #9. How did Beauvoir’s experiences inform her ethics? #10. What did Beauvoir suggest about aging and identity? #11. How are love and freedom interconnected in her work? #12. What significance does Beauvoir place on authenticity? #13. How can we apply Beauvoir’s ideas today? #14. What critiques did Beauvoir face from contemporaries? #15. How does Beauvoir critique societal expectations of women? #16. What lessons can we learn about collaboration? #17. How did Beauvoir’s travels influence her perspectives? #18. In what ways did Beauvoir confront existential despair? #19. How did Beauvoir’s philosophy evolve throughout her life? #20. What legacy did Beauvoir leave for future feminists?
Becoming Beauvoir, Kate Kirkpatrick, Simone de Beauvoir biography, Beauvoir feminist philosophy, French existentialism, women’s studies literature, philosophy books, biographical books about feminists, existentialist thinkers, modern philosophy, Beauvoir influence on feminism, feminist literature
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