Introduction
Summary of the Book Bedtime Biography: Edison by Edmund Morris Before we proceed, let’s look into a brief overview of the book. Imagine stepping into a world where streets go dark after sunset, where voices vanish the moment they are spoken, and where machines for travel or leisure barely exist. That’s the world Thomas Alva Edison first entered. By the time he left it, electric lights brought brightness to every city, recorded music played long after musicians left the stage, and motion pictures danced before wide-eyed audiences. Who was this relentless dreamer who forever changed how we live, work, and enjoy life? He was a boy who tinkered in his family’s basement, a wandering telegraph operator, a daring inventor, and a man who believed failure was just another step toward success. His story shows us that creativity, persistence, and curiosity can reshape the world. Turn the page, and let Edison’s journey inspire yours.
Chapter 1: A Quiet Child, A Curious Mind, and Sparks of Daring Inventive Imagination.
Thomas Alva Edison was born in 1847 in a quiet town called Milan, Ohio. At that time, the world looked nothing like it does today. People woke up when the sun rose and fell asleep not long after it set. Streets were lit by dim lamps, if at all, and getting anywhere far away meant horse-drawn carriages and long hours of slow travel. It was an age without the soft hum of electric lights, without recorded music or movies, and without the powerful machines we now take for granted. In that gentle, sleepy environment, young Thomas—whom everyone called Al—did not immediately stand out as someone who would change the planet. He was the youngest of seven children, a quiet boy often lost in thought, showing only subtle hints of a mind that craved new ideas.
Al’s parents, Samuel and Nancy Edison, had simple hopes for their son. Samuel tried various ventures, while Nancy, a former schoolteacher, loved books and learning. From an early age, Al showed signs of being a deep thinker. Teachers at the local one-room schoolhouse thought he was too restless, too distracted to learn properly. They did not realize that his wandering mind wasn’t disobedience; it was pure curiosity, always spinning with questions. Instead of listening to standard lessons, he preferred to read thick books on science and history at home with his mother. Nancy encouraged his hunger for knowledge. She saw that he needed more freedom to explore subjects that truly fascinated him, and so she decided that Al’s education would continue under her caring, patient guidance at home.
One of the first books that captured Al’s imagination was a guide to natural philosophy. Within its pages were descriptions of scientific principles that seemed like magic—electricity, magnetism, chemistry, and optics. These were not simple bedtime stories; they were keys that unlocked invisible doors in his mind. Al didn’t just want to read about these things; he wanted to see how they worked. Soon, the basement of the family home became his experimental laboratory. He stocked it with bottles of chemicals, odd metal parts, and wires. Other children might have spent their free time playing simple games, but Al spent hours mixing substances, testing reactions, and wiring small contraptions together. He was building small models, tinkering endlessly, and beginning a life-long habit of hands-on investigation.
This intense curiosity occasionally led to trouble. One famous family story tells of Al accidentally setting fire to a barn just to see what would happen. His parents were alarmed, yet this incident showed how far he might go for knowledge, even if he didn’t fully understand the risks. Meanwhile, a health challenge began to shape his experiences. Slowly, he started losing his hearing, eventually becoming almost completely deaf in one ear and severely hard of hearing in the other. Instead of feeling discouraged, Al later claimed that his hearing loss helped him focus. The world’s distracting background sounds faded away, leaving him more time and energy to think deeply. In these early years, a pattern emerged: a restless mind, eager hands, and a willingness to see failure as a step toward understanding.
Chapter 2: Telegraph Wires, Risky Rail Adventures, and Early Business Schemes Lighting His Path.
By the time Al was a young teenager, the economic climate around him began to shift. Trains were revolutionizing travel, carrying passengers and cargo faster than ever before. To help his family’s finances, young Al secured a job as a newsboy aboard the Grand Trunk Railway line running between Port Huron, Michigan, and Detroit. He wasn’t just selling newspapers; he was observing how the world moved. Early each morning, he boarded the train, eager to turn every spare minute into an opportunity. Instead of wasting time, he discovered ways to buy fresh produce in Detroit and sell it at a profit on the return trip. Before long, he was making decent money—more than many grown men—and demonstrating a keen sense for business.
Al’s train work wasn’t without excitement. He was known to experiment right in the baggage car, sometimes attempting chemical reactions. One day, a bottle of phosphorus fell and caused a small explosion. While no one was seriously hurt, the incident got him kicked off that job. But even being fired couldn’t dim his spirit. This setback only nudged him toward something he found even more intriguing: the telegraph. The telegraph was a machine that used electric signals to send messages quickly over long distances. Lines of wire stretched beside the railroad tracks, and messages raced along them at lightning speed. To Al, this felt like a secret code running across the landscape—short and long signals and changed how people communicated.
Determined to learn this special language called Morse code, Al practiced tirelessly. He tapped out messages late into the night, becoming so fast and accurate that older operators were amazed. Soon he became a wandering telegraph operator, traveling across various cities. With many men off fighting in the Civil War, telegraph operators were in high demand, and Al’s skill made him valuable. He settled into a life of quick stops in new towns, working in different telegraph offices. Instead of complaining about the unsettled life, he embraced it. He was collecting knowledge and skills, all the while tucking away ideas that he planned to turn into inventions one day.
Yet Al never forgot the thrill of building things and improving systems. Even as he tapped messages over the wires, he asked himself how to make telegraphs run faster, print out messages more clearly, and become easier for ordinary people to use. He saw potential in everything—potential to improve, to refine, and to reinvent. Al realized that his future lay not just in operating telegraphs, but in creating devices that would make communication simpler and speedier. He began thinking about applying for patents, a way to protect and profit from his ideas. With his clever mind and growing experience, he was on the cusp of transforming himself from a roaming telegraph operator into a full-time inventor, ready to shape the future of global communication.
Chapter 3: Speedy Telegraph Clicks, Wandering the Wires, and Dreaming in Morse Code Innovations.
As the United States struggled through the Civil War, countless messages needed to travel fast. Experienced telegraph operators were like treasured gems. Al Edison, now in his mid-teens, fit right into this world. He became known for being incredibly quick at decoding Morse code. He could handle transmissions coming in at rapid speeds, practically turning streams of dots and dashes into words in his head without pause. He worked at major telegraph hubs, including cities like Louisville and Cincinnati, where commerce and communication never seemed to sleep. In these cramped, busy offices, he learned to stay calm under pressure, make instant decisions, and think on his feet. Day by day, hour by hour, he was polishing the skills that would later power his grand inventive strategies.
Eventually, his reputation caught the attention of Western Union, the country’s largest telegraph company. They stationed him in Boston around 1868, a city humming with intellectual activity. Boston was a place of scholars, inventors, and thinkers—it seemed perfect for someone like Edison. In his spare time, he devoured scientific journals, experimented with machinery, and sketched designs in his notebooks. He had already been dabbling in invention, creating his first device, an electric vote recorder. Unfortunately, lawmakers showed little interest. They didn’t want faster votes; they preferred time to debate and negotiate. From this early failure, Edison learned a crucial lesson: an invention isn’t just about being clever—it also needs to fit what people actually want and need. He vowed never to forget that lesson.
Turning his attention to the financial world, Edison designed improvements for the stock ticker machines that reported share prices. He came up with new ways to synchronize multiple tickers so that everyone received the same information at once. This was extremely valuable on Wall Street, where seconds mattered and fortunes could change in the blink of an eye. When he moved to New York in 1869, Edison found investors willing to pay good money for his improvements. Success finally smiled on him, and he earned enough to set up a small workshop. Now free from the drudgery of constant telegraph shifts, he could focus on what he loved most: inventing.
In these early inventive years, Edison learned the importance of focus, perseverance, and adaptability. He discovered that you needed vision to imagine something new, patience to solve technical problems, and business sense to turn dreams into money-making realities. That balance of traits would become his hallmark. Over time, what started as simple telegraph upgrades blossomed into a new life filled with tinkering, testing, and constant improvement. Just as he improved telegraphs and stock tickers, Edison believed he could improve almost anything he laid his eyes on. He had found his calling. With a strong footing in America’s biggest cities, a growing network of investors, and his own lab space, Edison stood at the threshold of a revolutionary career that would soon astonish the entire world.
Chapter 4: From Voice on Metal Foil to a World Amazed by Recorded Sound.
In the 1870s, Edison’s new workshop in Menlo Park, New Jersey, became the world’s first true research and development center. Here, a team of assistants helped him test wild ideas at all hours, pushing forward without sleep until they hit upon something extraordinary. One of Edison’s many interests was the telephone, recently invented by Alexander Graham Bell. Edison improved key parts, like the carbon microphone, making voices clearer and stronger over the line. But as he worked with sound technology, a different idea struck him like a bolt of lightning: what if he could somehow capture the human voice and play it back later?
In late 1877, Edison sketched a machine in his notebook: a cylinder covered in tinfoil, a hand crank, and a small horn connected to a sharp needle that would vibrate with sound. When he shouted, Mary had a little lamb into the horn and then reversed the crank, the machine repeated his words back in a crackly but recognizable voice. It was the first time a human voice had ever been recorded and played back. Everyone who saw it was stunned, as if they had witnessed sorcery. News spread rapidly, and suddenly, Edison was more than an inventor—he was a global celebrity. This device, the phonograph, would lead to music recording, audio entertainment, and countless other possibilities no one had ever imagined.
The phonograph’s impact was enormous. Before it, sound vanished the moment it was made. Now it could be stored, replayed, and preserved for future generations. The world’s newspapers nicknamed him The Wizard of Menlo Park, and people came from far and wide to see the talking machine. This invention sparked not just technological change, but also cultural change. Music, speeches, stories, and historical events could be recorded and shared. While Edison collected awards and praise, he didn’t sit still. He was already thinking ahead, wondering what else he could do with electricity, sound waves, light, and motion.
Around this time, Edison also experimented with other devices, like tools to measure invisible types of radiation during a solar eclipse. Although not all of these attempts were successful, each experiment added another layer to his understanding of science and engineering. Even when things failed, Edison saw them as stepping stones. Failure taught him what didn’t work, guiding him toward approaches that might. It was a pattern he would repeat throughout his career: boldly attempt something new, learn from mistakes, and try again. This way of working, combined with his unstoppable energy and creativity, would soon lead him to tackle an even bigger challenge: conquering darkness itself by lighting the world with a new, efficient kind of electric lamp.
Chapter 5: Darkness Conquered, Filaments Glowing Brightly, and the Bold Promise of Electric Light.
The idea of producing safe, steady electric light for everyone became Edison’s next big mission. Street lamps of the time burned gas or oil, and they were dim, smoky, and often dangerous. Several inventors had tried making electric light bulbs, but those early attempts failed. The filaments inside the bulbs burned out too quickly, or required too much power. Edison believed he could solve these problems. He envisioned not just a single bulb, but a whole electrical system—generators, wiring, and sockets—that would bring light to entire cities. He made bold promises to journalists, saying that he would soon light up large parts of New York City using a single power source. Many doubted him, calling his claims impossible. But doubt only pushed Edison to work harder.
In late 1879, after countless experiments and sleepless nights, Edison’s team tested a carbon filament inside a glass bulb. To their delight, the bulb stayed lit for hours. This breakthrough proved that it was possible to create a practical, long-lasting electric light bulb. The world watched in amazement. When Edison arranged a public demonstration in Menlo Park, strings of glowing bulbs lit up the night sky, dazzling visitors. Newspapers reported the event as if it were a glimpse of a magical future. Investors lined up to support him, and gas lighting companies began to worry. This new electric lighting would change how people lived—no longer would activities stop after sunset. Factories could run longer, homes could be brighter, and streets would be safer.
Edison didn’t just provide a light bulb; he built a system around it. He introduced central power stations that distributed electricity through underground cables, powering entire neighborhoods. By the early 1880s, he installed the first electric lighting system in a small section of Manhattan. Soon, his electrical grids appeared in cities around the world. As the technology spread, it paved the way for electric fans, electric trains, and later, countless appliances. Electricity unlocked a new chapter in human progress, changing daily life, industry, and entertainment. The streets no longer belonged to darkness. It was a moment as significant as the invention of the printing press—a transformation in how people interacted with their environment, with each other, and with ideas.
Yet success came with personal cost. During these feverish years of nonstop work, Edison’s relationship with his wife, Mary, suffered. He spent long days and nights at the lab, rarely at home. Their marriage struggled under the weight of his devotion to invention. Still, the lure of discovery kept him forging ahead. He saw electric light not just as an invention, but as a gift to humanity—something that would improve lives and carry society into a new era. That same determined mindset would push him forward, even when faced with tragedies and setbacks. The electric light was proof that something once deemed impossible could become real, if one had the imagination, persistence, and daring to chase after it without giving up.
Chapter 6: Tireless Experiments, Unyielding Curiosity, and the Birth of a Global Power Revolution.
Edison’s success with electric light fueled his belief that he could tackle nearly any challenge. His lab became a hub of nonstop activity. He and his team experimented with better wires, improved generators, and new ways to distribute electricity. The concept of a single power plant lighting thousands of homes was unlike anything people had seen before. Citizens marveled at the glowing bulbs in shops and theaters, feeling as though the future had arrived early. Suddenly, the world seemed smaller and more connected, as if the wires and glowing filaments were weaving together a new kind of society. Electric power began to drive more than just light bulbs. It powered motors and machines, and soon, entire industries relied on it.
At the same time, Edison took on challenges in other fields. He experimented with batteries, believing that energy could be stored and used whenever needed. He tried improving the phonograph, making it more reliable and easier to mass-produce. He even stepped into areas far from lighting, like medical instruments and tools for mining. Not everything he touched turned to gold. Some ventures failed, losing money and testing his patience. But Edison’s attitude toward failure remained steady. He saw each flop as a hint that guided him closer to success. He kept refining his methods, gathering the brightest assistants, and refusing to limit his imagination. While other inventors might give up after a few attempts, Edison pushed forward, piling up patents and breakthroughs.
Rivals emerged, too. One famous rivalry was with Nikola Tesla and George Westinghouse, who championed a different type of electrical current called alternating current (AC), while Edison supported direct current (DC). This competition, known as the Current War, sparked debates and dramatic public demonstrations. Eventually, AC became the standard for long-distance power transmission. While Edison’s preferred DC lost in that particular battle, his early work had shown the world that electricity was the key to modern life. Cities around the globe were soon wired up, and homes flickered to life after dark.
It’s hard to imagine our cities without neon signs, traffic signals, or countless appliances humming quietly in the background. Yet before Edison and his peers, nighttime meant darkness and quiet streets. His ideas helped turn darkness into an opportunity for comfort, productivity, and creativity. Electricity changed how families spent evenings, how businesses operated, and how entertainment flourished. Without the global power revolution Edison sparked, the rhythm of modern life would be very different. In these years of incredible productivity and experimentation, Edison showed that human ingenuity, combined with relentless effort, could reshape the entire planet. He proved we could harness nature’s hidden forces—electricity, magnetism, light—and bend them to our service for the betterment of all.
Chapter 7: Triumphs, Tragedies, and Personal Losses That Shaped His Enduring Inventive Legacy Forever.
Success did not protect Edison from personal heartbreak. In 1884, after years of witnessing her husband vanish into long nights of lab work, Mary Edison tragically passed away. Some believe it was from a morphine overdose, others say it might have been a brain tumor. Whatever the cause, Edison was shaken to his core. He took a break from his exhausting schedule to spend time with his three children. This period of sadness forced him to reflect on his life choices. He realized that while invention had given him fame and fortune, it had also distanced him from his family. For the first time, Edison seemed to understand that his relentless drive had come with a price, and that price was felt most painfully at home.
Yet life continued, and as time passed, Edison fell in love again. In 1886, he married Mina Miller, a young woman from Ohio who was kind, understanding, and patient. With Mina, Edison found a warmth and companionship that soothed his heart. They built a comfortable home in West Orange, New Jersey, complete with greenhouses, gardens, and libraries. While Edison never stopped working obsessively, this new marriage seemed happier. Mina understood that Edison’s mind burned brightly with ideas, and while she encouraged him to rest sometimes, she also respected his passions. With her support, Edison’s inventive fires blazed again, giving birth to some of his most famous and lasting accomplishments.
In the years following this second marriage, Edison explored new frontiers. He helped develop motion picture cameras, creating devices that allowed images to flicker rapidly, giving the illusion of movement. This invention ushered in the age of cinema, forever changing how people shared stories, art, and dreams. Edison also experimented with new ways of improving batteries, working tirelessly to create longer-lasting, more reliable energy storage. He formed companies and partnerships, some successful, others disappointing. The mark of a true inventor, however, is to keep trying, and Edison never gave up on his belief that anything could be made better.
These personal triumphs and tragedies shaped the inventor’s soul. He learned that no matter how brilliant his mind, he was still human, and humans need connection, care, and understanding. His inventions might have lit up the world, recorded voices, and created images that danced before people’s eyes, but beneath all that innovation was a man who laughed, loved, grieved, and hoped. The hardships he faced only added depth to his character and perspective. By facing both achievement and loss, Edison’s life story became more than just a catalog of patents and ideas—it became a lesson in resilience, adaptation, and the value of balancing work with personal life.
Chapter 8: Marriage, Love, and Restless Minds: When Home Became a Launchpad for Innovation.
With Mina by his side, Edison found a stable home life that offered comfort when he returned from his workshops covered in soot and exhaustion. Their house in West Orange became a cheerful environment, full of plants, music, and family gatherings. Although Edison still worked extraordinary hours and often slept only a few hours at a time, Mina’s presence calmed him. She managed household affairs smoothly, allowing Edison’s mind to roam free without the daily worries of domestic chores. He could push forward into new technological territories, confident that he had a loving haven to return to each night—a place where he could share the smallest sparks of new ideas and celebrate small victories.
This home base did more than soothe Edison’s heart. It became a staging ground for fresh ideas. Whether he was thinking about improving the phonograph so people could enjoy clearer music, or finding better materials for an alkaline battery, having a loving household gave him the emotional resilience to attempt difficult projects. His children, too, inspired him. Watching them grow in a world brightened by electric light and charmed by recorded music reinforced his belief that he was building a future for the next generation. A warm, supportive home life acted as a secret fuel for his inventive engine.
In the 1890s and early 1900s, Edison’s labs were busier than ever. Teams of skilled assistants worked with him on new inventions, often guided by his sudden inspirations. He was not a lone genius; he was a leader who brought together craftspeople, chemists, machinists, and thinkers. His West Orange laboratory complex was massive and well-equipped, a place where sparks of thought turned into real machines. From the home’s parlor, where Mina entertained guests, to the great halls of the laboratory, Edison’s daily life formed a cycle of comfort and creativity.
Yet not every project turned out perfectly. Edison tried to refine methods of mining iron ore and ended up with a costly failure known as Edison’s Folly. Instead of sulking, he took these lessons and poured them into other ventures, like making better cement. The cement would later help build famous structures, proving that even failures contain valuable lessons. Back at home, the inventor and his family enjoyed quiet dinners, nature walks, and conversations under the glow of electric lamps. In this balanced environment, Edison continued to grow, not just as an inventor, but as a husband, father, and human being who understood that the greatest ideas often grow best in a nurturing place.
Chapter 9: Motion Pictures, Hidden Failures, and the Pursuit of Unseen Worlds Beneath the Surface.
Edison’s interest in capturing reality pushed him into inventing devices that could record not only sound but also images. He developed the kinetograph, an early movie camera, and the kinetoscope, a peephole viewer for watching moving pictures. Though basic by today’s standards, these inventions sparked the birth of the film industry. Soon, people weren’t limited to listening to recorded voices—they could watch flickering images of dancers, jugglers, athletes, and actors, all caught on film. The possibilities seemed endless. Movies would grow from short novelty clips into grand theaters of storytelling, emotion, and art, eventually becoming one of the world’s most beloved forms of entertainment.
Not all of Edison’s ventures were hits. Some projects never found a market. Others suffered from technical problems he couldn’t solve quickly enough. Still, he refused to quit. Each setback drove him to question his methods, adjust his strategies, and try again. He believed that under every failed attempt lay a hidden clue that could lead him forward. Throughout his life, Edison collected thousands of notebooks filled with observations, sketches, and half-formed concepts. Many never became actual products, but these mental seeds helped him understand more about nature’s secrets. The inventor’s pursuit of knowledge was like drilling beneath the surface of reality, hoping to strike new layers of insight and invention.
One area that fascinated Edison was the nature of materials. His endless curiosity drove him to improve batteries, for example, working to create longer-lasting and more efficient sources of portable power. He knew that reliable batteries would help cars run smoothly without gasoline, tools work wherever they were needed, and communication devices function far from power lines. Although he didn’t fully crack all the secrets of advanced batteries during his lifetime, his efforts laid a foundation that others would build upon long after he was gone.
Other times, he tried to see what lay beyond ordinary human senses. Using technologies related to X-rays and fluoroscopy, Edison tried to see inside the human body without surgery. While he contributed some improvements, he also recognized the dangers of working with radiation. When one of his assistants fell ill from exposure, Edison stepped back, admitting, I’m afraid of radium and polonium too, showing that even the great wizard understood when caution was necessary. Through it all, he kept looking ahead, pushing limits, and inspiring future generations of scientists and inventors to explore mysteries they had never considered before.
Chapter 10: The Final Spark Fades, Yet His Light Forever Brightly Illuminates Our Lives.
By the time Edison neared the end of his life, in the late 1920s, he had become a living legend. The world he had entered in 1847—dark streets, silent nights, no recorded voices—was now gone forever. Electricity powered factories, homes, and cinemas. Recorded music filled living rooms with melodies. Motion pictures transported audiences to distant worlds. Telephones rang in countless homes, connecting voices across continents. The modern age that Edison and others helped create had remade human existence. People worked, learned, and played in ways that their ancestors could never have imagined. Edison, once a boy tinkering in a basement, had grown into an icon of invention and perseverance.
In 1931, as Edison struggled with the complications of diabetes, even the Pope sent messages of concern. The entire globe watched as his health declined. Upon his death, President Herbert Hoover considered turning off the entire nation’s electric power for a minute of darkness to honor him. This idea was quickly dismissed, as cutting electricity would have caused chaos. Ironically, the very invention that Edison championed—electricity—had become so essential that the world couldn’t do without it, not even for a moment. Instead, people paid tribute by dimming lights in some places and reflecting silently on his contributions.
Edison left behind a legacy measured in thousands of patents and countless creations that improved everyday life. Yet what truly defined him was his unyielding spirit and confidence that problems could be solved with determination and clever thinking. He taught the world to value experimentation, learn from errors, and believe that what seemed impossible could be made possible. If today we take for granted that flicking a switch brings light, that pressing play brings music, and that capturing a moment on film will preserve it forever, it’s partly because Edison paved the way.
Long after Edison’s death, his influence lives on in the technologies we use daily. Modern smartphones, computers, streaming music, and high-definition films are descendants of the paths he first opened. While other inventors, scientists, and engineers have made their mark, Edison’s name remains a shining example of human creativity and drive. He showed us that the future is not something that simply happens—it’s something we can build and shape. The spark that began in a curious boy continues to glow in the minds of those who dare to dream, discover, and illuminate the world in their own way.
All about the Book
Discover the brilliance of Thomas Edison through Edmund Morris’s insightful narrative. This biography unveils Edison’s relentless pursuit of innovation, capturing his legacy that shaped modern technology and inspired countless generations. A must-read for aspiring visionaries!
Edmund Morris, Pulitzer Prize-winning author, expertly chronicles the lives of iconic figures, illuminating their genius and struggles. His profound understanding makes him a leading voice in biographical narratives.
Historians, Educators, Engineers, Entrepreneurs, Biographers
Inventing, Reading, Technology, Science Fiction, History
Innovation and invention, The impact of technology on society, Perseverance in the face of challenges, The role of creativity in problem-solving
Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.
Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Oprah Winfrey
Pulitzer Prize for Biography, Los Angeles Times Book Prize, American Book Award
1. What inspired Edison to create innovative inventions? #2. How did Edison’s childhood shape his inventions later? #3. What challenges did Edison face in his career? #4. How did Edison’s work influence modern technology today? #5. What was Edison’s approach to teamwork and collaboration? #6. How did Edison deal with failure and setbacks? #7. What role did perseverance play in Edison’s success? #8. How did Edison’s personality affect his relationships? #9. What were Edison’s most significant inventions and their impacts? #10. How did Edison’s innovative spirit change industries? #11. What methods did Edison use for problem-solving? #12. How did Edison’s education influence his inventiveness? #13. What ethical dilemmas did Edison encounter in his career? #14. How did Edison promote his inventions to the public? #15. What lasting legacy did Edison leave for future inventors? #16. How did Edison’s work ethic influence his achievements? #17. In what ways was Edison a pioneer of his time? #18. How did Edison’s inventions revolutionize everyday life? #19. What lessons can we learn from Edison’s life story? #20. How did Edison balance creativity with commercial success?
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