Introduction
Summary of the Book Going Clear by Lawrence Wright Before we proceed, let’s look into a brief overview of the book. Have you ever wondered what lies behind the glitzy facade of Hollywood and the enigmatic walls of secretive organizations? Scientology, a name often whispered with curiosity and skepticism, stands at the crossroads of religion, science fiction, and celebrity culture. Imagine a world where ancient beliefs intertwine with futuristic visions, where influential stars find solace, and where power struggles unfold like scenes from a gripping novel. This book invites you to journey deep into the heart of Scientology, unraveling its origins, practices, and the intriguing figures that shape its narrative. From the creative mind of L. Ron Hubbard to the complex web of beliefs that captivate millions, prepare to explore a story filled with ambition, controversy, and the relentless pursuit of truth. Are you ready to discover what makes Scientology one of today’s most fascinating and controversial movements?
Chapter 1: How Scientology Blends Science and Spirituality to Create Its Unique Belief System.
Scientology isn’t just a typical religion; it claims to combine scientific principles with spiritual beliefs to form a distinctive system. Imagine a religion where instead of solely relying on faith, it incorporates scientific methods to understand the human mind and spirit. Founded by L. Ron Hubbard in the 1950s, Scientology presents itself as a scientific approach to mental and spiritual well-being. Unlike traditional religions that focus on worship and divine entities, Scientology emphasizes personal improvement through specific techniques like auditing. This blend of science and spirituality is designed to help individuals overcome mental barriers and achieve higher states of awareness. But how effective is this combination, and why do so many people find it appealing? By exploring Scientology’s claims and practices, we can better understand what sets it apart from other belief systems and why it has attracted a diverse following worldwide.
At its core, Scientology teaches that humans are more than just physical bodies; they are spiritual beings called thetans. These thetans are believed to possess immense potential and have lived through countless past lives. Scientology’s methods aim to free the thetan from the limitations of the physical world and past traumas, allowing them to reach their full potential. This concept is quite different from many traditional religions, which often focus on salvation or enlightenment through divine grace. Instead, Scientology offers a path that combines self-help techniques with spiritual growth, presenting a more individualized approach to achieving personal and spiritual success. This unique perspective has intrigued many, especially those seeking alternative methods for personal development and mental health.
One of the key practices in Scientology is auditing, a process where individuals work with a trained auditor to confront and overcome past traumas and negative experiences. During auditing sessions, individuals are encouraged to recall specific memories and emotions, helping them to release these burdens and achieve a clearer state of mind. This method is presented as a form of mental engineering, where the mind is methodically improved to enhance overall well-being. Scientology claims that through auditing, individuals can eliminate mental barriers, increase their intelligence, and improve their ability to handle life’s challenges. This scientific approach to mental health distinguishes Scientology from other religions that may rely more on faith-based practices and rituals.
Despite its claims of scientific validity, Scientology has faced significant skepticism and criticism from the broader scientific and medical communities. Many experts argue that its practices lack empirical evidence and rigorous scientific support. Additionally, the secretive nature of Scientology’s teachings and its complex organizational structure have raised questions about its true intentions and effectiveness. Critics also point out that the organization’s focus on wealth and influence may overshadow its proclaimed spiritual goals. Nevertheless, the allure of combining science with spirituality continues to attract individuals seeking innovative approaches to personal growth and mental well-being. Understanding the intricate balance Scientology maintains between these two realms helps explain its enduring mystery and controversial status in the modern world.
Chapter 2: The Astonishing Belief That We Are Eternal Spirits Trapped on Earth.
Have you ever imagined that you might be more than just your physical body, perhaps an eternal spirit with a history spanning countless lifetimes? Scientology introduces a fascinating concept where every person is an immortal being, known as a thetan, who has lived through numerous past lives and will continue to exist beyond their current physical form. According to Scientology, thetans are trapped on Earth, bound by the limitations of their mortal bodies and the traumas they have experienced over time. This belief transforms the way followers view their existence, suggesting that life on Earth is just one chapter in a much larger, ongoing story of spiritual evolution and liberation.
L. Ron Hubbard, the founder of Scientology, envisioned thetans as powerful spiritual beings who have forgotten their true nature. He proposed that through specific practices and techniques, individuals can regain their lost memories and abilities, freeing themselves from the constraints of their physical existence. This process involves delving into past lives to uncover and resolve deep-seated traumas that hinder spiritual growth. By addressing these issues, Scientologists believe they can achieve a state of enlightenment and ultimate freedom, allowing their thetans to transcend the physical realm and explore the universe without limitations. This idea of spiritual immortality offers a compelling narrative that promises personal empowerment and a deeper understanding of one’s place in the cosmos.
Central to this belief is the concept of Xenu, a tyrannical leader from Scientology’s mythology who is said to have played a significant role in the current predicament of thetans on Earth. According to Scientology teachings, Xenu orchestrated a massive event millions of years ago that led to the thetans being trapped on our planet, scattered and burdened by negative influences. This story, often likened to a science fiction plot, adds a dramatic and intriguing layer to Scientology’s belief system, blending elements of mythology with futuristic ideas. While some view these narratives as metaphorical, others take them literally, adding to the mystique and complexity of Scientology’s teachings. The story of Xenu and the plight of thetans provides a captivating backdrop for the organization’s mission to restore spiritual freedom and enlightenment to its followers.
The belief in eternal spirits confined to Earth has profound implications for how Scientologists view life, death, and the universe. It encourages a sense of purpose and resilience, as individuals work to overcome their past traumas and achieve spiritual liberation. This perspective fosters a community focused on personal growth, mutual support, and the collective goal of freeing thetans from their earthly bonds. By presenting a grand narrative that connects individual experiences to a larger cosmic struggle, Scientology offers its members a sense of belonging and significance. This blend of personal development and expansive mythology creates a powerful and immersive environment that continues to attract and retain followers seeking both spiritual fulfillment and a deeper understanding of their existence.
Chapter 3: The Incredible Journey of L. Ron Hubbard from Sci-Fi Writer to Founder of Scientology.
Imagine being a prolific science fiction writer whose imaginative stories captivate readers worldwide, only to embark on a life-changing journey that leads to the creation of a controversial religious movement. Lafayette Ronald Hubbard, better known as L. Ron Hubbard, was just that man. Born in Nebraska in 1911, Hubbard’s early life was marked by a passion for writing and storytelling. His vivid imagination and prolific output saw him author over a thousand books, ranging from adventure novels to intricate science fiction tales. These early successes not only established him as a talented writer but also laid the foundation for the creative and visionary aspects of Scientology.
Hubbard’s transition from writer to religious leader began during a period of personal crisis. After serving in the Navy during World War II, Hubbard faced significant personal and financial struggles. His inability to return to his family, coupled with financial difficulties and strained relationships, pushed him to seek new paths for self-improvement and healing. This quest for solutions led him to explore various psychological theories and therapeutic techniques, ultimately culminating in the development of Dianetics. This new system promised to address mental and emotional issues through a combination of self-examination and mental discipline, reflecting Hubbard’s unique blend of scientific inquiry and spiritual exploration.
The creation of Dianetics marked a pivotal moment in Hubbard’s life, transforming him from a successful writer into the founder of a new movement. Dianetics was initially presented as a self-help method aimed at improving mental health and personal efficiency. However, as interest in Dianetics waned, Hubbard realized the need for a more enduring and expansive framework to sustain his teachings. This realization led to the establishment of the Church of Scientology in the 1950s, a strategic move that allowed him to create a structured organization with a clear mission and community of followers. By founding Scientology, Hubbard not only preserved his Dianetics work but also expanded it into a comprehensive belief system with its own rituals, doctrines, and organizational hierarchy.
Hubbard’s journey from a science fiction writer to the leader of Scientology is a testament to his ability to blend creativity with ambition. His storytelling skills were instrumental in crafting the intricate mythology and doctrines that underpin Scientology, making it a compelling and immersive belief system. However, this transformation also sparked controversy and skepticism, as critics questioned the motivations and methods behind the organization’s rapid rise. Despite the challenges, Hubbard’s vision and determination ensured that Scientology remained a significant and influential movement, attracting a diverse array of followers seeking personal growth and spiritual enlightenment. Understanding Hubbard’s incredible journey provides valuable insight into the origins and enduring impact of Scientology in the modern world.
Chapter 4: Discovering Dianetics: The Revolutionary Technique That Changed the Course of Scientology.
What if there was a method that could unlock the deepest parts of your mind, helping you overcome past traumas and achieve unprecedented personal growth? This is the promise that L. Ron Hubbard made with the introduction of Dianetics. Developed in the late 1940s, Dianetics was presented as a groundbreaking self-help technique designed to improve mental and emotional well-being. It aimed to help individuals identify and confront painful memories, known as engrams, which were believed to hinder their personal and spiritual progress. By addressing these engrams through a process called auditing, Dianetics sought to clear the mind of negative influences and unlock a person’s full potential.
Auditing, the core practice of Dianetics, involves a trained auditor guiding an individual through their memories to confront and release negative experiences. This process is intended to help people achieve a state of clear, where they are free from the subconscious burdens that impede their abilities and happiness. Hubbard claimed that Dianetics could cure a wide range of mental and physical ailments, making it a highly appealing method for those seeking self-improvement and healing. The initial success of Dianetics was meteoric, with thousands of followers embracing the technique and reporting significant personal transformations. This rapid growth not only validated Hubbard’s theories but also laid the groundwork for the establishment of the Church of Scientology.
However, Dianetics faced significant challenges as its popularity began to decline in the early 1950s. Critics questioned the scientific validity of Hubbard’s claims, and many followers became disillusioned when the promised results did not materialize for everyone. Additionally, financial difficulties plagued the Dianetics foundations, leading to bankruptcies and the eventual sale of Dianetics rights. These setbacks forced Hubbard to rethink his approach, leading to the creation of Scientology as a more sustainable and comprehensive system. By integrating Dianetics into the broader framework of Scientology, Hubbard ensured that his self-help methods would continue to evolve and attract new adherents, even as the original Dianetics movement waned.
The legacy of Dianetics within Scientology remains significant, as it forms the foundation upon which the entire belief system is built. Even today, auditing continues to be a central practice in Scientology, helping members navigate their personal and spiritual journeys. The introduction of Dianetics marked a turning point in Hubbard’s career, transforming him from a successful writer into the leader of a new religious movement. Despite the controversies and challenges it faced, Dianetics remains a key component of Scientology’s appeal, offering a unique blend of self-help and spiritual growth that continues to resonate with its followers. Understanding the rise and fall of Dianetics provides valuable insight into the dynamics of Scientology and the enduring influence of Hubbard’s innovative ideas.
Chapter 5: From Self-Help to Organized Religion: How Scientology Emerged from the Shadows.
Imagine creating a successful self-help movement only to transform it into a full-fledged religion, complete with its own rituals, beliefs, and organizational structure. This was the path that L. Ron Hubbard took when he founded the Church of Scientology in the mid-1950s. After the initial success and subsequent decline of Dianetics, Hubbard recognized the need for a more enduring and structured framework to sustain his teachings and secure his legacy. By establishing Scientology as a religious organization, he not only preserved his Dianetics work but also expanded it into a comprehensive belief system that could attract a broader and more committed following.
The transition from Dianetics to Scientology was strategic, addressing the limitations that Dianetics faced as a self-help movement. While Dianetics focused primarily on mental health and personal improvement, Scientology introduced a more expansive and spiritual dimension. This included a detailed cosmology, elaborate rituals, and a hierarchical organizational structure designed to support and propagate the faith. By framing Scientology as a religion, Hubbard was able to tap into the deep-seated human need for community, purpose, and spiritual fulfillment. This shift also provided legal and financial benefits, allowing Scientology to gain tax-exempt status and protect its assets more effectively than Dianetics alone could have.
Scientology’s establishment as a religion also enabled it to develop a more resilient and adaptable organizational model. The Church of Scientology was designed with a clear hierarchy and a range of courses and services aimed at different levels of spiritual advancement. This structure not only facilitated the recruitment and retention of members but also created multiple revenue streams through the sale of courses, auditing sessions, and other services. Additionally, the religious framework allowed Scientology to present itself as a legitimate and respected institution, helping to counteract skepticism and criticism from the public and authorities. This organizational strength has been a key factor in Scientology’s ability to maintain its presence and influence over the decades.
The creation of Scientology as an organized religion marked a significant evolution in Hubbard’s vision, transforming his self-help techniques into a comprehensive spiritual path. This move not only ensured the longevity of his teachings but also elevated Scientology to a status that could rival traditional religions. By offering a blend of personal development, spiritual enlightenment, and community support, Scientology appeals to individuals seeking both self-improvement and a deeper sense of purpose. The successful transition from Dianetics to Scientology demonstrates Hubbard’s ability to adapt and innovate, ensuring that his movement remained relevant and influential in a rapidly changing world. This strategic evolution has made Scientology one of the most intriguing and enduring religious movements of the modern era.
Chapter 6: The Secret Strategies Scientology Uses to Attract and Convert New Members.
Have you ever wondered how some organizations manage to attract new members so effectively, leaving a lasting impression that turns curiosity into commitment? Scientology employs a range of carefully designed strategies to recruit and convert individuals, ensuring a steady influx of new members into its ranks. These methods are not random but are part of a well-orchestrated plan that focuses on building trust, identifying personal challenges, and offering tailored solutions through Scientology’s courses and practices. By understanding these recruitment tactics, we can gain insight into why Scientology remains a persistent and influential force despite widespread skepticism.
The first step in Scientology’s recruitment process is to establish contact and build rapport with potential members. This often involves friendly and engaging interactions in everyday settings, such as social gatherings, workplaces, or community events. Recruiters are trained to connect with individuals on a personal level, creating a sense of familiarity and trust that makes the prospect more open to further discussion. This initial contact is crucial, as it lays the groundwork for a deeper relationship and opens the door for Scientology’s recruitment efforts. By making genuine connections, recruiters can identify individuals who may be seeking personal growth or facing specific challenges that Scientology’s offerings can address.
Once a connection is established, Scientology recruiters work to disarm any skepticism or resistance the prospective member might have. This involves addressing doubts and concerns in a respectful and non-confrontational manner, making the individual feel heard and understood. By creating a safe and supportive environment, recruiters can lower the defenses of potential members, making them more receptive to the idea of exploring Scientology further. This approach not only builds trust but also positions Scientology as a compassionate and solution-oriented organization, enhancing its appeal to those seeking assistance and guidance.
The final stages of the recruitment process involve identifying personal problems or goals that the individual wishes to address and presenting Scientology’s courses and auditing services as the solution. Recruiters are skilled at recognizing the specific needs and aspirations of each person, tailoring their pitch to highlight how Scientology can help them achieve their desired outcomes. Whether someone is dealing with stress, relationship issues, or a desire for personal improvement, Scientology offers targeted programs designed to address these areas. By framing their services as the key to unlocking personal potential and overcoming obstacles, recruiters effectively persuade individuals to commit to Scientology’s path, ensuring a steady flow of new members into the organization.
Chapter 7: Why Hollywood Stars and Celebrities Are Drawn to the Secrets of Scientology.
Have you ever noticed how some of your favorite celebrities seem to follow unique paths, embracing beliefs and practices that set them apart? Scientology has a long history of attracting Hollywood stars and influential figures, making it a prominent presence in the entertainment industry. But what is it about Scientology that appeals so strongly to those in the spotlight? The organization’s blend of personal development, spiritual growth, and the promise of enhanced creativity and success resonates deeply with individuals seeking to thrive in the competitive world of show business. By examining the reasons behind this attraction, we can better understand the powerful allure that Scientology holds for celebrities.
One of the main reasons Hollywood stars are drawn to Scientology is its emphasis on personal improvement and mental well-being. The demanding nature of the entertainment industry often leads to high levels of stress, anxiety, and pressure to perform. Scientology’s auditing and self-help courses offer a structured approach to managing these challenges, providing tools that can help individuals maintain their mental and emotional health. By addressing personal issues and fostering resilience, Scientology presents itself as a valuable resource for those navigating the complexities of fame and success. This practical support is highly appealing to celebrities who seek to maintain their performance and well-being in a high-stakes environment.
Additionally, Scientology offers a sense of community and belonging that is particularly attractive to celebrities who may feel isolated despite their fame. The organization provides a network of like-minded individuals who share similar goals and values, creating a supportive environment where members can connect and collaborate. This sense of camaraderie is reinforced by the presence of high-profile members who serve as role models and mentors, inspiring others to engage more deeply with the faith. The shared experiences and mutual support within the Scientology community help foster strong bonds among members, making it an appealing social network for those in the public eye.
Furthermore, Scientology’s exclusive facilities and high-profile events cater specifically to the needs and lifestyles of celebrities. The establishment of celebrity centers in key locations like Hollywood ensures that stars have access to specialized services and resources tailored to their unique circumstances. These centers offer a range of courses and auditing sessions designed to enhance creativity, reduce stress, and improve overall performance, aligning perfectly with the professional and personal aspirations of those in the entertainment industry. By providing a dedicated space for spiritual growth and personal development, Scientology effectively caters to the specific needs of celebrities, reinforcing its appeal and fostering long-term commitment among its high-profile members.
Chapter 8: The Shadowy Tactics Scientology Uses to Influence Politics and Silence Its Critics.
Imagine an organization so determined to protect its interests that it employs secretive and aggressive tactics to influence governments and silence those who speak against it. Scientology has been known to engage in various controversial operations aimed at safeguarding its reputation and expanding its influence. These actions often blur the lines between legal advocacy and covert operations, raising questions about the ethical implications of Scientology’s methods. By delving into these shadowy tactics, we can uncover the lengths to which Scientology will go to maintain its power and control, and the impact these actions have on its critics and the broader society.
One of the most infamous operations undertaken by Scientology is known as Operation Snow White, which began in the 1970s. This elaborate scheme involved infiltrating government agencies and private organizations to gather information and eliminate any perceived threats to Scientology. Thousands of Scientologists were allegedly involved in this operation, which aimed to remove unfavorable information and disrupt the activities of journalists, politicians, and other critics. The scale and secrecy of Operation Snow White highlighted the lengths to which Scientology would go to protect its interests, leading to significant legal repercussions and public outcry when the operation was eventually exposed.
In addition to large-scale operations, Scientology also employs more targeted tactics to silence individual critics and detractors. This can include relentless litigation, where the organization files numerous lawsuits against those who challenge its practices or expose its inner workings. By using the legal system as a weapon, Scientology can drain the resources of its opponents and discourage others from speaking out against it. Furthermore, the organization has been accused of using private investigators and other covert means to intimidate and harass critics, creating a climate of fear and silence around those who dare to question its legitimacy.
Scientology’s influence extends beyond legal and covert operations, as the organization actively seeks to gain political sway to further its agenda. By building relationships with influential politicians and lobbying for favorable legislation, Scientology aims to create a political environment that supports its interests and protects it from external scrutiny. This pursuit of political influence ensures that Scientology remains a powerful and resilient force, capable of withstanding challenges and maintaining its status in society. The combination of these shadowy tactics and strategic political maneuvers underscores the organization’s commitment to preserving its power and silencing opposition, revealing a darker side of Scientology’s operations that often goes unnoticed by the public.
Chapter 9: The Disturbing Evidence of Abuse and Coercion Within the Walls of Scientology.
Behind the polished image and high-profile membership of Scientology lies a troubling history of abuse and coercion that has shocked many both inside and outside the organization. Stories of mistreatment, manipulation, and harsh disciplinary practices have surfaced over the years, painting a darker picture of what happens within Scientology’s inner circles. These accounts reveal a pattern of behavior that contradicts the organization’s outward claims of spiritual enlightenment and personal empowerment. By exploring the disturbing evidence of abuse within Scientology, we gain a deeper understanding of the challenges and dangers faced by those who become entangled in its complex web.
One of the most alarming aspects of Scientology’s internal operations is the reported use of punitive measures to control and discipline its members. Former members have spoken out about harsh treatment, including physical abuse, forced labor, and psychological manipulation. In some cases, individuals have described being confined to isolated areas known as the Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF), where they are subjected to intense labor and strict surveillance as punishment for perceived transgressions. These punitive practices create an environment of fear and obedience, discouraging dissent and ensuring strict adherence to the organization’s rules and hierarchy.
Additionally, Scientology has been accused of exploiting its members financially, requiring significant monetary contributions for courses, auditing sessions, and other services. This financial pressure can lead to debt and financial strain, making it difficult for members to leave the organization without facing severe repercussions. The combination of financial exploitation and coercive control creates a powerful dependency that binds individuals to Scientology, preventing them from seeking help or escaping abusive situations. This systemic exploitation underscores the manipulative nature of the organization, highlighting the ways in which it maintains its grip on its members through both psychological and financial means.
The secrecy surrounding Scientology’s internal practices also contributes to the perpetuation of abuse, as members are often discouraged from speaking out or seeking external help. Whistleblowers and former members who attempt to expose these abuses frequently face intense harassment, legal battles, and personal attacks from the organization. This culture of silence and intimidation not only protects Scientology’s reputation but also silences victims, making it difficult for the truth to emerge and for justice to be served. The disturbing evidence of abuse within Scientology serves as a stark reminder of the potential dangers posed by powerful organizations that prioritize control and loyalty over the well-being and autonomy of their members.
Chapter 10: The Ongoing Legacy of Scientology: How It Continues to Shape Lives and Influence Culture Today.
Scientology’s impact extends far beyond its immediate followers, influencing various aspects of society and culture in profound ways. From its presence in Hollywood to its ongoing legal battles and public perception, Scientology continues to be a force that shapes lives and trends in the modern world. Understanding its ongoing legacy helps us comprehend the enduring appeal and resilience of the organization, as well as the challenges it poses to individuals and communities alike. As Scientology evolves, its influence permeates different spheres, making it a subject of continuous interest and debate.
In the realm of entertainment, Scientology maintains a significant presence, with many celebrities openly supporting and advocating for the faith. This high-profile endorsement not only boosts Scientology’s visibility but also lends it a sense of glamour and prestige that attracts new members. Celebrities like Tom Cruise and John Travolta often participate in Scientology events and share their positive experiences, reinforcing the organization’s image as a path to personal and professional success. This symbiotic relationship between Scientology and Hollywood creates a powerful cultural narrative that intertwines fame with spiritual enlightenment, making the religion more appealing to those aspiring to similar levels of success and recognition.
Scientology’s influence also extends into the legal and political arenas, where the organization actively defends its rights and interests through litigation and lobbying efforts. The ongoing legal battles and court cases involving Scientology highlight the complex relationship between the organization and the legal system, as well as the broader societal implications of its practices. These legal challenges not only shape public perception but also impact the organization’s ability to operate and expand in various regions around the world. By navigating and manipulating legal frameworks, Scientology seeks to protect its autonomy and continue its mission despite external opposition and scrutiny.
Moreover, Scientology continues to adapt and evolve in response to changing societal norms and technological advancements. The organization leverages digital media and online platforms to reach a wider audience, offering virtual auditing sessions and online courses to cater to the modern, connected individual. This adaptability ensures that Scientology remains relevant in an increasingly digital world, attracting a new generation of followers who seek both traditional spiritual practices and innovative self-improvement techniques. By embracing technology and shifting its strategies, Scientology maintains its influence and sustains its growth, ensuring that its legacy endures well into the future.
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All about the Book
Going Clear by Lawrence Wright uncovers the shocking truths behind Scientology, its founder L. Ron Hubbard, and the controversial practices of the church. Discover the gripping narratives of former members and the relentless pursuit of power and control.
Lawrence Wright, an acclaimed journalist and author, is renowned for his deep investigative work and compelling storytelling, making complex subjects accessible and engaging to readers worldwide.
Journalists, Psychologists, Sociologists, Lawyers, Academics
Reading about cults, Investigative journalism, Studying religious movements, Documentary filmmaking, Political activism
Religious freedom, Mind control, Abuse in religious organizations, The psychology of cult behavior
The issue is not whether you can believe; it’s whether you can see.
Paul Haggis, Neil Gaiman, Leah Remini
National Book Award, George Polk Award, A Pulitzer Prize for History
1. What drives individuals to join high-demand religions? #2. How does Scientology manipulate beliefs and loyalty? #3. What tactics do cults use to recruit members? #4. How can one recognize warning signs of a cult? #5. What role does fear play in staying devoted? #6. How does Scientology maintain control over its followers? #7. What are the psychological effects of isolation on members? #8. How does the organization handle dissent or criticism? #9. What impact does celebrity involvement have on cults? #10. How does Scientology’s auditing process affect individuals? #11. What is the significance of the Sea Org in Scientology? #12. How do finances influence membership in religious groups? #13. What is the connection between trauma and belief systems? #14. How can individuals regain their identity after leaving a cult? #15. What are the ethical implications of coercive persuasion? #16. How do former members view their time in Scientology? #17. What is the importance of community in cults? #18. How does psychological manipulation differ from spiritual guidance? #19. What methods do former members use to heal? #20. How do cults reinterpret reality for their followers?
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