Jamie Metzl Introduction
Summary of the book Hacking Darwin by Jamie Metzl. Let us start with a brief introduction of the book. As you stand on the brink of a future that once seemed impossible, imagine what lies ahead: the power to rewrite the very code of life. The story of humanity is about to enter a new chapter as gene editing and advanced reproductive technologies redefine what it means to be human. We’ve traveled a long way from Darwin’s careful observations and Mendel’s pea plants. Now, artificial intelligence reads our genomes like books, predicting diseases and shaping possibilities. As parents consider selecting embryos, as scientists debate editing traits, and as nations race to dominate genetic innovations, enormous questions arise. Will we resist the temptation to create a narrow vision of perfection? Can we balance progress with ethics, ensure fairness, and preserve the rich diversity that makes our species strong? Enter this world with curiosity and caution, for the decisions we make now will echo far into the future.
Chapter 1: Understanding Humanity’s Deep Ancestral Roots and the Evolutionary Path Shaping Our Genetic Destiny.
Imagine standing under a vast, star-filled sky and reflecting on the millions of species roaming our planet. Today’s dazzling variety of life, from tiny insects to towering mammals, did not simply appear overnight. Instead, every living thing shares deep ancestral connections, branching out over billions of years. At first glance, it might seem absurd that humans and creatures like fruit flies share an ancient link. Yet, roughly 700 million years ago, a single distant ancestor started a long journey that would eventually give rise to both species. Back then, few people could imagine that all living beings evolved from simpler forms, adapting and changing over countless generations. This idea would have shocked our ancestors, who believed life appeared as it was, fixed and unchanging. It took groundbreaking thinkers, courageous explorers, and pioneering scientists to piece together the truth of our evolutionary story.
The puzzle of how species change over time began to take shape with Charles Darwin’s revolutionary theory of natural selection. Before Darwin, many believed that humans were crafted and placed on Earth by a divine force, perfectly formed and static. But Darwin’s monumental 1859 work, On the Origin of Species, challenged this idea. He argued that small, inherited differences between individuals helped some survive while others perished. Over countless generations, these tiny advantages built up, driving species in new directions. Traits that improved survival—like a certain beak shape or a thicker fur coat—spread through populations as the less well-adapted gradually disappeared. Darwin did not just propose a random guess; he built his case upon years of careful observation and data, shifting our understanding of life forever.
It wasn’t only Darwin who advanced our understanding of life’s diversity. Around the same period, Gregor Mendel, an Augustinian friar, explored how individual traits were passed from parents to offspring. By observing thousands of pea plants, Mendel found that traits like flower color or seed shape were inherited through what we now call genes. He discovered these traits worked like discrete units, not blending smoothly from one generation to the next. One gene might dominate another, determining which feature appeared in the offspring. Mendel’s insights and Darwin’s grand vision of species evolving over time together formed the cornerstone of modern biology. They explained that life’s complexity, from towering redwood trees to tiny hummingbirds, all emerged through a gradual, natural process propelled by inherited variations and selective pressures.
As research continued, scientists uncovered that life’s earliest forms emerged billions of years ago. Around 3.8 billion years in the past, the first single-cell organisms appeared, setting the stage for an explosion of evolutionary variety. By around 540 million years ago, life diversified at an astonishing rate, shaping a vibrant world of plants and animals. Our own species, Homo sapiens, took shape approximately 300,000 years ago, developing traits—like complex language and adaptable intelligence—that allowed us to surpass other human-like groups, including the Neanderthals. With these discoveries, we finally understood that we humans are not separate from nature but deeply woven into its tapestry. In the following chapters, we will see how our growing understanding of genes and heredity is poised to shift evolution from a slow, natural process to something we can intentionally guide.
Chapter 2: Unraveling the Complex Language of DNA and Transforming Genes into Data-Driven Insights.
Once we grasped the big picture of how life evolves, scientists set out to decode the mysterious language of inheritance itself. At the heart of this language is DNA, a molecule coiled into intricate double-helixes found in nearly every cell of our bodies. Within DNA are genes—the blueprints for every trait we carry, from our eye color to how our cells function. For many decades, we knew genes contained vital instructions, but we did not know how to read them. It was like having a shelf full of ancient books written in a script no one understood. Over time, scientists painstakingly broke this code. Early genetic pioneers found ways to sequence DNA, pinpointing the exact order of the four main chemical letters—A, T, C, and G—that make life’s instructions possible.
The breakthrough came during the 1970s and into the early 2000s with large-scale projects that raced to sequence the full human genome. This effort culminated in the Human Genome Project, which concluded in 2003 after spending billions of dollars and more than a decade of research. What once seemed impossible—reading all the instructions that guide human life—finally became reality. This massive global effort offered the first complete dictionary of our genetic code, allowing scientists to identify the genes associated with certain diseases and traits. As technology advanced, the cost and time required to sequence an entire human genome plummeted. Something that once cost hundreds of millions of dollars can now be done for less than a thousand dollars, pushing genetic research into mainstream medicine and beyond.
However, simply reading our genetic code is only part of the challenge. Understanding the complex ways in which thousands of genes interact is even harder. Some traits, like certain eye colors, come from straightforward genetic changes. But most traits—like intelligence, personality, or susceptibility to cancer—arise from intricate genetic networks. To make sense of this complexity, researchers have turned to the powerful tools of artificial intelligence (AI) and big data analytics. These computational methods comb through massive genetic databases, seeking patterns that human minds alone cannot detect. They help us see hidden connections, revealing how multiple genes may work together to shape our health, appearance, or abilities. By treating our genetic code as complex data, we are merging biology with information science.
Companies and research labs worldwide, including tech giants like Google and specialized genomic firms, are using AI to mine genetic data for insights. The hope is that, with enough data and computing power, we can predict diseases before they develop or understand how best to treat conditions based on a person’s unique genetic profile. This represents a shift from the old days of one-size-fits-all medicine to a future of personalized healthcare, guided by the genetic signatures we carry. As these tools become more sophisticated, we are stepping into an era where DNA is no longer just a biochemical molecule—it is also a kind of living information code. In the next chapter, we’ll explore how this evolving understanding is shaping reproductive technologies and how parents might someday select traits for their future children.
Chapter 3: From Simple Gene Selection to Deep Embryo Screening for Health and Potential.
For thousands of years, humans had children with little say over their offspring’s genetic makeup. But as we learn to read and understand our genetic code, a groundbreaking possibility emerges: selecting which embryos to implant for pregnancy based on their genetic profiles. This starts with a technology called IVF (in vitro fertilization), in which eggs are fertilized outside the body. It’s already used by couples who struggle with infertility. Now, add PGT (pre-implantation genetic testing), and doctors can screen embryos before implanting them into a mother’s womb. This testing can identify embryos with severe genetic diseases like Tay-Sachs, a painful and fatal disorder, allowing parents to choose embryos free from such debilitating conditions. In some communities, careful genetic screening has nearly eliminated once-common inherited disorders.
As scientists expand their knowledge of which genes influence certain conditions, embryo screening will broaden beyond avoiding severe illnesses. Soon, it could help parents reduce their child’s future risk of diseases like cancer or heart problems. Imagine stepping into a fertility clinic and reviewing a genetic profile card for each potential embryo. Instead of gambling with random genetic outcomes, parents might pick the embryo most likely to lead a healthy life. Over time, as scientists understand more complex traits, parents may even get insights into probabilities for characteristics like height or intelligence. Though these complex traits are shaped by hundreds or even thousands of genes working together, statistical predictions might guide parents to select an embryo with a higher chance of certain desirable attributes.
Right now, selecting embryos to avoid diseases or choose certain traits may sound like science fiction or something from a far-off future. Yet it’s already becoming a reality in some places. In certain countries, regulations are strict, limiting embryo selection to serious medical conditions. In others, there’s more freedom, allowing parents to pick an embryo’s gender or try to steer a child’s potential in subtle ways. Although choosing a child’s gender for non-medical reasons is controversial, it’s already happening in the United States, where about 9% of PGT procedures involve gender selection. As understanding of the genome deepens and costs drop, more parents will consider this route, aiming to give their children a head start in health and possibly many other areas of life.
The rise of embryo selection marks an enormous shift in human reproduction. We are moving from a world where genetic outcomes are left to chance toward one where parents carefully curate their future child’s genetic blueprint. This shift will spark intense debates about ethics, fairness, and what it means to be human. While some families will welcome the promise of healthier, stronger offspring, others worry about interfering with nature and losing something essential in our human experience. This tension is just beginning. In the next chapter, we will look at how, in the decades ahead, IVF combined with advanced screenings might not only become mainstream but even surpass traditional, natural conception. This could dramatically change how societies think about family, love, and the very act of creating life.
Chapter 4: How In Vitro Fertilization May Soon Surpass Traditional Reproduction to Shape Future Generations.
Today, many people still consider conceiving children through sex the normal and most natural path to parenthood. IVF, in contrast, might feel foreign, artificial, or complicated. But think about how we once viewed other medical breakthroughs. Vaccines, for instance, were once shocking—injecting people with weakened viruses sounded dangerous. Over time, as vaccines proved their value, they became widely accepted. IVF and embryo screening may follow a similar pattern. Already, around 1.5% of all U.S. births result from IVF. Older parents, same-sex couples, and those at high risk of genetic diseases now regularly use these techniques. As people realize the benefits of avoiding severe diseases and improving their offspring’s health, IVF might transform from a niche solution into the standard way many families choose to start a pregnancy.
Advances in IVF and PGT will likely become more appealing as the public recognizes their potential. If parents can spare their children from genetic disorders or significantly reduce the risk of chronic illnesses, the moral pressure to use these tools might grow. Imagine a future where conceiving through sex is seen as rolling the genetic dice, potentially saddling a child with preventable health burdens. Just as refusing life-saving vaccines seems irresponsible today, avoiding IVF and embryo screening might someday be frowned upon. Governments and insurance companies, driven by financial logic, might also promote IVF if it proves cheaper than treating costly genetic conditions later. As more countries adopt these practices and costs decline, IVF-based conception could become a fundamental pillar of reproductive healthcare.
Of course, IVF has its drawbacks. Egg extraction can be invasive and uncomfortable, deterring some women from choosing this path. Additionally, children born through IVF to older parents have shown slightly higher rates of birth abnormalities. To manage this, more young women are choosing to freeze their eggs, storing fresher, healthier genetic material for the future. This strategy offers flexibility, enabling women to focus on their careers or personal growth without compromising their future child’s health. Tech giants like Facebook and Apple have covered egg-freezing costs for their employees since 2014, offering women more autonomy over their fertility and life choices. Such trends signal a world increasingly comfortable with these reproductive technologies and open to their potential advantages.
As these practices normalize, the line between what is natural and what is engineered will blur. The idea that sex-based conception might become unusual by 2045 may sound radical, but consider how quickly societal norms shift. Within a single generation, what was once rare can become standard. If parents can reliably use IVF and PGT to ensure a child is free from certain conditions and well-prepared for life’s challenges, the natural method might seem outdated. This fundamental change will reshape family planning, social expectations, and cultural traditions. It also raises deeper questions about control, freedom of choice, and the role of love and chance in human creation. Next, we will see how gene editing goes beyond selection—allowing us to rewrite life’s code itself.
Chapter 5: Entering the Age of Designer Genes: Editing, Engineering, and Crafting Entirely New Forms of Life.
While embryo selection chooses from existing genetic options, gene editing takes a bolder step: rewriting the code of life. With tools like CRISPR, scientists can cut, paste, or tweak DNA with unprecedented precision. This is like moving from a world where you can only pick between pre-written stories to one where you can compose your own tale from scratch. Early gene editing efforts focused on preventing severe inherited diseases. For example, researchers have used CRISPR to correct defective genes responsible for specific blood disorders in non-viable embryos. As techniques improve, it may become routine to fix harmful mutations before a baby is born, eradicating certain diseases forever. But disease prevention is only the first chapter of this unfolding story, as gene editing’s potential reaches far beyond basic health fixes.
In addition to correcting problems, gene editing could enhance human abilities or introduce entirely new traits. Think about the extraordinary possibilities: sharper vision than an eagle, enhanced resistance to radiation, or skin that tolerates extreme heat. Already, scientists are experimenting with editing flowers to change their colors and exploring the possibility of mixing human DNA with that of other species to create hybrid traits. The idea may sound like science fiction, yet every year the boundary between imagination and reality shrinks. In the distant future, entire genomes could be constructed synthetically, allowing us to write life forms from scratch. Imagine custom-designed microorganisms that break down plastic pollution or human cells engineered for space travel. As we realize these possibilities, society must decide how far we want to push these powers.
Gene editing also promises breakthroughs for adults who already carry certain conditions. Therapies like CAR-T involve extracting a patient’s immune cells, genetically reprogramming them to attack cancer, and then returning them to the body. Early trials showed astonishing remission rates, hinting at a medical revolution. While most focus currently lies on tackling diseases, the power to edit genes doesn’t need to stop there. Why not boost memory capacity or strengthen bones to resist injury? As costs fall and techniques become safer, it’s conceivable that gene editing clinics could offer enhancements or customizations, turning tomorrow’s medical decisions into something more like shopping for upgrades. Yet as our capabilities grow, so too does the weight of ethical choices.
The central question is no longer if we can edit our genetic code, but rather how we should do it. Do we want to live in a world where every human trait can be optimized? How will we maintain a sense of individuality if we can tailor every characteristic? These are complex moral puzzles that must be debated openly and fairly. Our journey from simple embryo selection to designing life from scratch is racing ahead faster than our public conversations can keep up. In the next chapter, we’ll see how different countries and communities respond in vastly different ways to these new possibilities, setting the stage for intense disagreements, passionate debates, and a global scramble to harness or halt the genetic revolution.
Chapter 6: Conflicting Values, Global Debates, and Societal Struggles Over Our Genetic Future.
Cultural values, religious beliefs, and political agendas differ wildly across the world. These differences mean that what one group finds acceptable, another may consider horrifying. Take genetically modified (GM) foods: while science largely agrees they are safe and can feed more people, some countries eagerly embrace them, while others ban them outright. This pattern is a glimpse into how societies might clash over gene editing in humans. Already, religious traditions shape attitudes. Some communities see genetic screening as a moral duty to prevent suffering. Others view any interference with the natural order as wrong. These conflicting beliefs are certain to intensify as gene editing and advanced reproductive technologies become more common and more powerful.
In places like the United States, regulations on embryo selection and gene editing remain relatively lax, opening the door for private clinics to offer genetic services. Meanwhile, other nations strictly forbid modifying embryos or even sequencing them for non-medical reasons. These disagreements stem from deeply held values about life, family, and what it means to be human. Some religious leaders argue that eliminating genetic diseases honors the divine gift of life. Others fear that playing God in any way violates sacred boundaries. Countries influenced by certain faiths might refuse these technologies, while neighboring nations with different beliefs embrace them wholeheartedly. This uneven legal landscape sets the stage for genetic tourism, where people travel abroad seeking services banned at home.
No single global authority currently governs what is or is not permissible in human genetic engineering. The result is a patchwork of laws and customs. While one nation might invest heavily in gene editing research to advance its healthcare system, another might see this as unethical meddling. Leaders fear that if they don’t embrace these technologies, they’ll fall behind in global competitiveness. Others fear that embracing them too strongly could lead to moral bankruptcy, creating a world with engineered super-people and underprivileged, unenhanced classes. Such fears will inevitably lead to debates not just in scientific circles, but in parliaments, religious gatherings, and everyday conversations.
No matter how heated the debates become, the march of genetic progress is unlikely to halt. The potential benefits—cures for deadly diseases, smarter decision-making about health, improved resilience to environmental stresses—are simply too great to ignore. On the other hand, ignoring moral and ethical boundaries risks unleashing a kind of genetic chaos. As we continue, we’ll see how the intense competition between nations, each wanting to secure its place in the global hierarchy, will propel genetic engineering forward. Just as countries once raced to develop nuclear weapons or put satellites into orbit, they will now race to understand and optimize the human genome. Let’s explore how this competition shapes our genetic journey.
Chapter 7: The Global Genetic Arms Race: How Competition and Power Struggles Drive Innovation in Human Engineering.
Nations have always competed—for resources, trade, military strength, and global influence. In the 21st century, another dimension emerges: genetic capabilities. While some might see gene editing primarily as a healthcare tool, governments recognize its potential as a strategic asset. Just as doping scandals plagued sports, imagine the future of international competitions where athletes carry engineered genetic advantages. Already, countries like China are using genomic data to spot athletic talent, while Uzbekistan integrates genetic profiling into their sports programs. As gene editing becomes subtler and harder to detect, enforcing fair play in sports could become a nightmare, pushing international organizations to grapple with rules that may seem impossible to enforce.
But the race extends far beyond the stadium. Nations like China and the United States realize that genetic knowledge can translate into economic power and global prestige. China, in particular, has poured resources into genomic research, sequencing DNA at tremendous scale and racing to understand complex human traits. The United States, once the undisputed leader in innovation, has faced setbacks due to political disagreements and budget cuts. If China gains a significant edge, it might outpace America in biomedical discoveries, agricultural biotechnology, or even military applications that enhance soldier resilience. This isn’t just about pride; it’s about who will set the rules in a future where genetic modifications could shape entire populations.
The fear of falling behind might push countries to relax regulations, fast-track research, and support bold experiments. After all, if one nation’s citizens benefit from genetic disease prevention or cognitive enhancements, others will feel pressure to catch up. Parents will insist on these advantages for their children, employers will prefer genetically strengthened workforces, and the gap between gene-rich and gene-poor societies may widen. This genetic arms race could force ethical compromises as leaders weigh moral concerns against competitive disadvantage. Just as nuclear weapons forced us to consider arms treaties, genetic engineering might push us toward global accords—if we can agree on common standards.
However, genetic technology is harder to contain than bombs or missiles. Genetic knowledge is information-based, widely distributed, and driven by interconnected scientific communities. Policing these frontiers will be extremely challenging. A country determined to gain an edge might conduct secret experiments or build hidden labs. Meanwhile, people might cross borders seeking genetic enhancements outlawed at home. All of these pressures ensure that the genetic revolution will move forward at breakneck speed. Whether or not we can steer this race toward beneficial outcomes depends on our ability to forge understanding and cooperation. The next chapter will explore the moral dilemmas we face—how to preserve diversity, respect human dignity, and prevent new forms of inequality as the genetic revolution unfolds.
Chapter 8: Preserving Diversity, Guarding Equality, and Facing the Ethical Challenges of the Genetic Revolution.
As genetic tools become more powerful, we risk creating a world where everyone is pressured to choose certain ideal traits. Could this lead to a bland, uniform society where unique characteristics fade away? Diversity—the variety of backgrounds, talents, appearances, and viewpoints—is a key strength of humanity. Without it, we would never have adapted to changing climates, pandemics, and shifting environments. If everyone seeks the same genetic advantages, we might lose this precious resource. Moreover, mistakes could be made. Traits we believe are favorable today might become harmful in tomorrow’s unpredictable world. By steering evolution too aggressively, we might put all our genetic eggs in one basket, reducing our collective resilience and making us more vulnerable to unforeseen challenges.
Inequality is another pressing concern. Genetics is already influenced by factors like nutrition and healthcare. Wealthy families can provide better diets and medical care, giving their children a genetic head start. Add gene editing to the mix, and rich parents might buy superior genes for their offspring, creating a genetic elite. Meanwhile, poor families, lacking access to these services, might remain genetically disadvantaged. This could transform today’s economic inequalities into tomorrow’s biological hierarchies, making it nearly impossible for the less privileged to catch up. Such a world would deepen social divisions, undermining the core principles of fairness and equal opportunity that many societies strive to uphold.
Yet, opposing genetic engineering outright also has costs. Turning our backs on these technologies might mean allowing preventable diseases to persist and refusing improvements that could help us survive environmental challenges. The real question is how to balance the benefits and risks. If we approach genetic engineering thoughtfully, we could maintain diversity by encouraging varied genetic choices, celebrating differences, and protecting the right to remain unmodified. Governments and global organizations could ensure equal access to genetic healthcare, so that one’s genetic future isn’t determined solely by wealth. By thoughtfully regulating these technologies, we can strive to protect both freedom and fairness.
As we navigate these issues, we must remember that humans have a remarkable capacity for cooperation, empathy, and moral reasoning. We’ve overcome enormous challenges before by establishing ethical codes, forming international treaties, and educating the public about scientific progress. Applying that same spirit to the genetic frontier could help us preserve what makes us wonderfully human—our diversity, adaptability, and compassion—even as we use new tools to shape our biology. In our final chapter, we’ll explore how careful governance, open debate, public education, and international collaboration could guide us toward a future where genetic technology serves the common good rather than tears us apart.
Chapter 9: Education, Dialogue, and Wise Governance: Building a Framework for a Responsible Genetic Future.
The path ahead is uncertain, but we are not powerless. To steer the genetic revolution toward positive outcomes, we must engage everyone—scientists, policymakers, religious leaders, teachers, parents, and teenagers— in open, honest conversations. Public education is crucial. If people understand the basics of genetics, they can participate meaningfully in discussions about its uses and limits. Schools could teach students not only the science behind DNA but also the ethical dilemmas gene editing presents. Community meetings, media outlets, and online platforms must provide balanced information, helping citizens form well-informed opinions rather than relying on fear or hype.
On the national level, governments need to develop clear guidelines and oversight bodies to monitor emerging reproductive and genetic technologies. These bodies should include scientists and ethicists, but also ordinary citizens. The United Kingdom’s Human Fertilization and Embryology Authority, for instance, sets an example by involving the public and maintaining transparency about regulation. By empowering such institutions, we can ensure that decisions are not made behind closed doors, but rather in the open, after careful deliberation. Even so, no single nation can handle this challenge alone, since genetic engineering’s consequences will cross borders.
At the international level, we need forums, committees, and commissions where countries can discuss common standards, share knowledge, and resolve disagreements. While achieving consensus may be difficult, it’s worth trying to create frameworks like global bioethics councils or genetic safety treaties. These could function similarly to how we manage nuclear energy or combat climate change—with difficulty, but also with progress over time. By seeking broad agreement on red lines—such as banning weaponized genetic editing or ensuring equal access to lifesaving gene therapies—we can shape a stable environment for responsible innovation.
Ultimately, shaping our genetic future is not just about science and regulations. It’s about collective wisdom. We must remember that every genetic decision affects not only the next generation, but countless generations to come. The story of humanity has always been about adaptation and growth, driven by challenges and guided by our moral compass. Now we stand at a threshold where we can steer evolution itself. If we move forward with open minds, empathetic hearts, and informed voices, we can ensure the genetic revolution truly serves humanity’s shared destiny. We don’t have to wait for someone else to start this conversation. Each of us can become a responsible participant, asking tough questions, demanding accountability, and working together toward a future where genetic engineering uplifts rather than divides.
All about the Book
Explore the fascinating intersection of genetics and ethics in ‘Hacking Darwin.’ Jamie Metzl uncovers the future of humanity, offering insights into gene editing and its impact on society, health, and morality. A must-read for the curious mind.
Jamie Metzl is a renowned futurist, technology expert, and author who explores the implications of genetic advancements, bringing a unique perspective to the conversation on ethics and human evolution.
Geneticists, Bioethicists, Healthcare Professionals, Policy Makers, Technology Innovators
Genetic Research, Ethics Debate, Science Fiction Literature, Philosophy, Public Speaking
Ethical implications of genetic engineering, Impact of CRISPR technology, Future of human evolution, Socioeconomic consequences of gene manipulation
The world of genetics is not only a question of science; it is fundamentally a question of who we are and who we will become.
Bill Gates, Melinda Gates, Neil deGrasse Tyson
N/A, N/A, N/A
1. Understand implications of genetic engineering on evolution. #2. Explore the concept of designer babies ethically. #3. Grasp basics of CRISPR and gene editing technologies. #4. Discuss potential of extending human lifespan scientifically. #5. Learn about genetic selection and its societal impact. #6. Discover how genetic technologies can cure diseases. #7. Examine ethical dilemmas of human genetic enhancement. #8. Understand relationship between genetics and personalized medicine. #9. Consider privacy concerns in genetic data sharing. #10. Review risks associated with genetic modifications in humans. #11. Analyze future scenarios of human genetic advancements. #12. Learn history of genetic manipulation and its evolution. #13. Appreciate genetic diversity’s importance for humanity’s future. #14. Question the role of governments in genetics regulation. #15. Recognize potential inequalities in accessible genetic technologies. #16. Explore possibilities of genetically engineered intelligence upgrades. #17. Understand basic principles of evolutionary biology and genetics. #18. Explore cultural perspectives on genetic manipulation ethics. #19. Identify potential environmental impacts of genetic interventions. #20. Discover genetic engineering’s role in addressing climate change.
Hacking Darwin, Jamie Metzl, genetic engineering, biotech revolution, future of humanity, DNA editing, CRISPR technology, bioethics, innovation in genetics, human enhancement, science and society, evolution and technology
https://www.amazon.com/Hacking-Darwin-Genetic-Engineering-Revolution/dp/045149509X
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