Introduction
Summary of the book Hope for Cynics by Jamil Zaki. Let us start with a brief introduction of the book. Imagine stepping into a world where every person you meet is seen not as a potential cheater or enemy, but as a puzzle worth understanding. In such a world, problems still exist—people still make mistakes, say hurtful things, or sometimes break promises. But here’s the difference: instead of jumping to the conclusion that all humans are rotten inside, we pause and consider another angle. We remember stories of strangers returning lost wallets, of divided communities learning to cooperate, of once-suspicious neighbors discovering common dreams. This introduction invites you to challenge the voice inside that whispers, Don’t trust anyone. Throughout these chapters, we’ll journey through ancient philosophies, modern research, and real-life stories, seeing how cynicism distorts our vision. Together, we’ll uncover how hope, reason, open dialogue, and empathy can guide us back to a richer, more accurate understanding of human nature.
Chapter 1: Venturing into the Distant Past to Discover Cynicism’s Surprising Ancient Roots and Hidden Treasures.
Imagine wandering through the sunny, crowded marketplace of ancient Athens, where merchants shout to draw customers and philosophers argue passionately beneath marble columns. Here, you might notice a peculiar man holding a lantern in broad daylight, peering closely at people’s faces as if searching for something precious but invisible. This strange character, named Diogenes of Sinope, once claimed he was looking for an honest man amidst the hustle and bustle. Though his antics seemed odd, Diogenes represented the early spirit of Cynicism—a movement that, in its ancient form, emphasized personal virtue, honesty, and the idea that beneath society’s shallow customs, a true and good human nature could be found. Unlike today, when the word cynic often suggests gloom and negativity, these ancient thinkers believed that stripping away false appearances would reveal a pure, hopeful core of human potential waiting to shine.
In those earlier times, ancient Cynics argued that many social rules and traditions were artificial layers covering our true nature, like heavy cloaks hiding a healthy, athletic body. They thought that if we cast off unnecessary material desires and focused on living simply and truthfully, we would connect with something authentically good within ourselves. Imagine a way of life where compassion mattered more than coins, and courage was measured not by status but by moral strength. These early Cynics believed human beings were not inherently rotten, but rather misguided by hollow customs and corrupted expectations. By challenging society’s shallow standards, the Cynics hoped to jolt people out of their slumber, encouraging them to stand tall as moral individuals. In this way, ancient Cynicism was a philosophy that tried to elevate human goodness, not drag it through the mud.
However, as centuries passed, the original Cynic message, which aimed to uncover genuine human virtue, began to shift and fracture. Over time, the hopeful spark that once illuminated Cynicism dimmed, becoming overshadowed by a darker emphasis on human flaws. Whereas ancient Cynics dared to dream that stripping away society’s masks could lead to honesty and kindness, later generations embraced only the belief that people were fundamentally selfish, greedy, and unreliable. This transformation was not sudden, but it gradually warped the philosophical heritage. Modern cynicism, unlike its ancestor, rarely tries to encourage moral improvement. Instead, it settles into a gloomy comfort zone of suspicion and mistrust. Where the ancient Cynics hoped to cure a sick society by urging authenticity, modern cynics often tear down trust, leaving a brittle world of suspicion and isolation where genuine moral growth struggles to survive.
Recognizing this contrast between ancient and modern Cynicism is crucial for understanding why today’s skeptical outlook is so unhealthy and counterproductive. The earliest Cynics held a mirror up to society, hoping people would see their hidden beauty underneath the grime of unnecessary customs. They had faith that deep down, human nature contained seeds of goodness. By contrast, today’s cynics see only twisted roots of deceit, never suspecting that authentic decency could still grow. This shift matters because our perception of humanity shapes how we treat ourselves and others. If we believe everyone is fundamentally bad, we lose the will to build trust or try to make things better. But if we rediscover that hopeful spark—like ancient Cynics once did—we might rediscover a path toward treating each other with respect and kindness, even in challenging times.
Chapter 2: Following the Thread of Time to Reveal How Old Cynicism’s Bright Hopes Turned Into Modern Cynicism’s Dark Shadows.
As we journey forward from the days of Diogenes, we watch Cynicism gradually abandon its original mission. The old thinkers wanted to shake people awake, forcing them to question the value of money, power, and empty honors. Yet as history rolled along, their hopeful view of human nature began to erode. Instead of believing people could become truly honest and decent once freed from silly social games, later forms of cynicism focused on human faults. They zoomed in on greed, selfishness, and dishonesty as if those qualities were unchangeable. Over many generations, what started as a tool for moral improvement became a blunt hammer that crushed trust, leaving only suspicion behind. Modern cynicism, therefore, isn’t a proud descendant of the ancient tradition—it’s more like a distant relative who has forgotten the family’s original teachings about human goodness.
Think about how this transformation affects everyday life. When we expect the worst in others, we treat them with wary eyes and closed hearts. We assume every smile hides a hidden motive, every promise is an empty lie. Instead of searching for shared values, we predict betrayal before it can even happen. By absorbing such a mindset, we lock ourselves into a lonely fortress where kindness is seen as weakness. Sadly, this fortress may feel safe, but it also isolates us from the warmth of genuine connections. The result is an environment where trust cannot grow, and cooperation withers. Our world runs on relationships—between neighbors, co-workers, citizens, and leaders—and without trust, these interactions grind to a halt, like a grand machine that seizes up because no one dares to oil its rusty gears.
This modern pessimistic approach is not just emotionally draining; it has measurable consequences. Researchers who measure cynicism find that people steeped in this belief system often face worse outcomes in work, health, and happiness. Studies show that cynical individuals may earn less money over their careers, possibly because their lack of trust prevents them from forming strong professional networks or taking chances that require cooperation. They also report higher levels of stress, depression, and physical health problems. In societies filled with cynics, economic growth slows, social bonds weaken, and people struggle to unite around shared goals. Over time, a culture of suspicion chokes out the very qualities—like honesty, empathy, and cooperation—that help communities flourish. The damage doesn’t just affect individuals; it spills into entire countries, altering their destiny and weakening their resilience in moments of crisis.
Yet it’s important not to lose hope. Understanding how cynicism changed from a once-hopeful perspective to a modern cloud of negativity is the first step in challenging it. Just as we can learn about how ancient Cynics aimed to highlight human virtue, we can also learn to question and possibly unlearn today’s reflexive mistrust. Knowledge is power: by recognizing that modern cynicism is not inevitable—just one distorted way of seeing the world—we open the door to rebuilding trust. We can remember that human nature is not a static portrait of selfishness, but a complex landscape where compassion, understanding, and genuine decency can still thrive. Armed with this insight, we might start to shift away from the dead-end path of constant suspicion and move toward a richer, more balanced view of humanity’s potential for good.
Chapter 3: Illuminating the Hidden Price Tags of Cynicism: Health, Wealth, and the Fragile Web of Trust.
Let’s take a closer look at what cynicism actually costs us. When we see the world through eyes that expect only selfishness and trickery, we become like a traveler dragging around an invisible weight. Many studies have shown that people who think everyone else is out to cheat or harm them pay a price in both mind and body. They are more likely to experience anxiety, sadness, and difficulties forming deep friendships. Emotionally, cynics often feel trapped in a state of tension, as though always bracing for a blow that might never come. This constant worry can wear down mental resilience, making it harder to enjoy life’s ordinary pleasures—like trusting a neighbor to keep a promise or feeling comfortable enough to share a heartfelt secret with a friend, free from the fear of being mocked or betrayed.
Physical health also suffers when cynicism takes root. Research has linked cynical attitudes with higher rates of stress-related problems, including heart disease. Imagine the steady drip of suspicion and mistrust circulating in your system day after day. This suspicion can act like a subtle poison, raising blood pressure and lowering your immune defenses over time. Without realizing it, a cynic’s constant vigilance against imagined threats may be quietly wearing down their body. This doesn’t mean cynics are doomed, but it does underline a sobering truth: the way we view the world can shape our health in surprising ways. Just as a positive mindset can sometimes encourage healthy habits, a negative, distrustful mindset can sow seeds of illness, leaving individuals feeling drained, exhausted, and more vulnerable to the very hardships they fear.
Cynicism also harms our finances and career growth. In workplaces, trust is like a lubricant that allows professional relationships to run smoothly. Colleagues who trust one another share ideas freely and build partnerships that lead to innovation. Teams with low trust, on the other hand, resemble squeaky machinery—hesitant, slow, and prone to breakdowns. Over time, a worker who refuses to trust others or cooperate easily may miss out on promotions or partnerships that could advance their career. Thus, cynics might earn less money and have fewer opportunities to shine in their chosen fields. Similarly, entire economies depend on trust. Countries with higher social trust tend to do better in economic development because people invest more confidently, strike fair deals, and believe in the value of long-term cooperation. Where cynicism reigns, growth stutters and stalls.
At a societal level, cynicism can even impact how communities face emergencies. Consider how trust fuels collective action. When neighbors trust one another, they are more willing to help each other rebuild homes after a disaster or follow public health guidelines that keep everyone safe. In a global crisis like a pandemic, trusting societies can coordinate responses faster, distribute vaccines more fairly, and care for vulnerable members more effectively. When trust breaks down, people hesitate, argue, and scramble for scarce resources, often making the crisis worse. Cynicism erodes the social fabric that helps hold communities together in tough times. By recognizing these hidden costs—from personal wellbeing to societal resilience—we begin to see cynicism not as a clever defense mechanism, but as a destructive force that weakens the very bonds we depend on to thrive.
Chapter 4: Exposing the Myth of the Cynical Genius: Unmasking the Illusion that Distrust Means Being Smart.
Many people believe that being cynical makes you clever. You’ve probably seen characters in movies or TV shows who sneer at everyone else’s naiveté, acting as though their skeptical attitude proves they’re the smartest person in the room. It’s a common trope: the cynical detective who sees through all the lies, the sharp-tongued comedian who mocks human foolishness, or the brilliant doctor who doubts everyone’s motives. This image, however, falls apart when we test it with real data. Large-scale studies involving huge numbers of participants have shown that cynics do not outscore others on tests of intelligence, reasoning, or social understanding. In fact, these studies often find the opposite: people with deep distrust of others perform worse in problem-solving tasks, struggle more with logical thinking, and fail to detect lies as effectively as they might expect.
This surprising finding upends the story we often tell ourselves—that a cynical outlook is a sign of someone who can see through the nonsense and detect hidden truths. Instead, cynicism may distort perception, making it harder for a person to accurately read others or navigate complex situations. By always expecting the worst, cynics approach human interactions with a narrow lens. Instead of welcoming new information or adjusting their views, they remain stuck in a negative pattern, turning away potential allies or missing subtle cues that signal trustworthiness. It’s like wearing sunglasses indoors: the cynic thinks they’re seeing reality more clearly, but in fact, they are filtering out important details that would allow a richer, more accurate picture to form. This blindness harms not only their social life but also their ability to understand the world.
Why do so many people insist on linking cynicism with wisdom, despite evidence to the contrary? Often, cynical individuals weren’t always so skeptical. Many started as hopeful people who got hurt or disappointed. Unable to bear the sting of betrayal or loss, they built a wall of distrust to protect themselves from future pain. Over time, this defense mechanism hardened into a worldview, a false belief that no one can be trusted. Cynicism can feel empowering—it suggests that by not trusting anyone, you’re safe from heartbreak. But it’s a trap. It cuts you off from potential friendships, supportive communities, and collaborative opportunities. Instead of making you safer, cynicism often leaves you isolated, less informed, and stuck in a mental maze where you keep running into the same dreary conclusions.
To escape this myth of the cynical genius, we must first accept that intelligence and trust are not enemies. In truth, being open-minded—willing to consider that humans can do good—is often a sign of true understanding and wisdom. You can be skeptical without being cynical. Skepticism means testing claims, asking good questions, and changing your mind when evidence suggests you should. Cynicism, in contrast, starts with the conclusion that people are rotten and stubbornly sticks to it. By embracing healthy skepticism and discarding the false glamour of cynicism, we free ourselves to engage honestly with others, discover genuine kindness, and make better-informed decisions. True wisdom emerges from seeing reality clearly, not from distorting it with suspicion. Ultimately, rejecting the cynical genius myth leads to a richer understanding of both human potential and human complexity.
Chapter 5: Tracing Cynicism’s Roots Beneath Childhood Scars and Life’s Disappointments to Understand Its Emotional Foundations.
If cynicism is not an automatic sign of cleverness, where does it come from? For many people, cynical attitudes bloom from past wounds. Imagine a young child who grows up feeling uncertain about whether they can trust their caregivers. Maybe the adults in their life are unpredictable, sometimes gentle and sometimes harsh, leaving the child constantly guessing who to rely on. Over time, that child might learn that trusting others leads to disappointment or pain. These early lessons can harden into a general belief that no one can be trusted. As this child grows into an adult, their cynicism may seem like a logical conclusion about human nature, even though it actually sprang from a very personal story of hurt and insecurity. Understanding this emotional root is a key step in learning how to undo cynicism’s grip.
Many cynics are essentially disappointed idealists. They might have once believed in the goodness of people, but after facing betrayals—whether small or large—they decided it was safer to expect the worst. While this strategy might protect them from feeling tricked or misled again, it also denies them the opportunity to see positive qualities in others. It’s as though they’ve put on emotional armor too thick to allow any warmth through. This armor weighs them down, making it hard to form healthy friendships, romantic relationships, or cooperative working teams. By understanding these emotional origins, we can start to heal. We see that cynicism isn’t just a trait someone chooses—it’s often the result of painful experiences that caused them to close their hearts. This recognition can foster empathy: we realize that cynics are not evil, just wounded.
To move past cynicism, a person must sometimes confront painful memories and challenge their own automatic assumptions. Tools like cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be helpful. In CBT, individuals learn to notice their thoughts—like, He’s only being nice because he wants something—and test them against reality. Are they certain that’s true, or is it a reflexive guess driven by past disappointments? Over time, they might find counterexamples—people who showed kindness without any sneaky motive. These small glimpses of goodness can gradually chip away at the gloomy worldview, allowing a more balanced perspective to emerge. This doesn’t mean becoming gullible. Instead, it means accepting that while some people can be selfish or cruel, many others are caring, honest, and helpful. Adopting a more balanced view leads to healthier, happier relationships and less inner turmoil.
Beyond personal healing, understanding the emotional roots of cynicism can help us relate better to each other. When we meet someone who seems cold or suspicious, we can remember that they might have been hurt before. This knowledge doesn’t excuse bad behavior, but it reminds us that cynicism often comes from pain, not from intelligence or moral superiority. By approaching cynics with patience and empathy—without expecting miracles—we might encourage them to consider more hopeful views. Over time, if a cynic meets enough kind-hearted people, they might gradually feel safer lowering their guard. The process is slow and delicate, like coaxing a frightened animal from a dark hiding place. But with understanding and honest efforts to rebuild trust, individuals and communities can grow more unified, proving that cynicism’s roots do not have to dictate our future paths.
Chapter 6: Unmasking the World’s Quiet Kindness: Revelations from Lost Wallets and Other Honest Surprises.
If we look only at negative headlines, it’s easy to believe that people are mostly liars and cheaters. But let’s explore a different perspective. Consider a fascinating experiment where researchers purposely lost wallets in different cities around the world. These wallets contained money and contact information so that whoever found them had a choice: keep the cash or return the wallet. Most of us, influenced by cynical thinking, might predict that a large number of these wallets would vanish forever. Instead, the results were astonishingly heartwarming. In study after study, in multiple countries, most lost wallets were returned. Sometimes this honesty rate soared above 80%. This consistent pattern challenges the narrative that humans are primarily greedy. Instead, it suggests that many people, given the chance, choose decency over dishonesty, even when no one is watching.
Why do these honest behaviors surprise us? One explanation is our evolutionary past. Our ancestors survived by paying close attention to dangers—like predators or hostile neighbors—far more than to peaceful, everyday acts of kindness. Over thousands of years, our brains developed what scientists call a negativity bias, making us remember and notice bad events more vividly. This bias helped our ancestors stay alive, but in modern times it often misleads us into believing the world is darker than it really is. We highlight the rare scams and forget the millions of honest interactions that happen daily. As a result, our picture of humanity can get skewed. By understanding this negativity bias, we can start to correct our perceptions and realize that good deeds are not exceptions—they are everyday occurrences quietly shaping our communities.
The media also plays a huge role in this distorted picture. News outlets, competing for our attention, often focus on dramatic, shocking stories: crime, disasters, scandals. This emphasis makes sense in a business where headlines must grab readers quickly. Yet it distorts reality. Just as a camera pointed at one corner of the world misses what’s happening behind it, media focusing heavily on negative stories overlooks countless examples of generosity, cooperation, and problem-solving. When people continuously consume news that highlights cruelty, they begin to think that’s all there is. This false perception feeds cynicism, making us suspicious of others. But the reality is more balanced. Yes, wrongdoing exists, but so does kindness. Understanding this helps us seek out a wider range of stories and consider that our neighbors, more often than not, share our longing for fairness and goodness.
Some journalists and activists are now championing solutions journalism, an approach that highlights how communities address social challenges. Instead of merely reporting that a problem exists, they dig deeper to show who is fixing it and how. Reading about these positive efforts not only balances our view but can also inspire us to get involved. When we learn that a small volunteer group in one town managed to reduce homelessness or that a mentoring program helped struggling students improve, we realize that change is possible. Solutions journalism doesn’t sugarcoat reality; it acknowledges challenges while showing that people are capable of caring actions. By seeking out such stories, we become more open to the idea that human nature isn’t doomed. Instead, it’s a complex mixture of fear and hope, where trust and cooperation can still bloom against the odds.
Chapter 7: Peering Into Our Information Mirrors: Recognizing Media Bias, Echo Chambers, and the Quiet Power of Trust.
The modern information landscape is complicated. On one hand, we have instant access to staggering amounts of news, opinions, and data. On the other, this information flood can be filtered through social networks and online communities that share our views. This creates echo chambers—places where people only hear what they already believe. In an echo chamber, extreme examples of bad behavior by outsiders get magnified and repeated, reinforcing cynical beliefs about those not in our group. Political views, for instance, can become so polarized that we see our opponents as monsters, not fellow human beings with different perspectives. As we become locked in these information bubbles, our cynicism deepens. We end up convinced that everyone beyond our tribe is dishonest, cruel, or foolish. Our trust shrinks until it barely covers the people who think exactly like us.
But just as media can magnify cynicism, it can also serve as a bridge if used wisely. Some studies show that when people are offered accurate information about their opponents’ beliefs—rather than twisted caricatures—they begin to soften their views. They realize, for example, that supporters of another political party don’t all hold extreme positions or want to destroy the nation. Instead, many share common concerns—safety, prosperity, fairness—even if they differ on how to achieve these goals. By breaking down exaggerated stereotypes, we create small openings for trust. It doesn’t mean everyone agrees, but it means people can start seeing each other as human again. Over time, these subtle shifts can reduce hostility, restore a sense of shared reality, and weaken the hold of cynicism.
Real-life examples show the power of balanced information. In countries torn by conflict, careful reporting that humanizes enemies can help communities move toward peace. When newspapers or radio programs highlight stories of reconciliation—like former rebels learning job skills and reintegrating peacefully into society—people realize that change is possible. Such stories remind us that others are more than the worst thing we have heard about them. Similarly, when educators encourage students to examine multiple viewpoints on controversial topics, young minds learn to approach disagreements with curiosity rather than hostility. In such environments, trust can rekindle even after long periods of suspicion and resentment. These examples underline a critical truth: what we feed our minds matters. If we starve them of hopeful stories, they starve of hope. If we nourish them with complexity and fairness, they grow open-hearted.
Tools for resisting echo chambers and unbalanced media exist. One strategy is to seek out diverse news sources and try to understand multiple sides of an issue. Another is to ask more questions when confronted with shocking claims: Is this typical or just an extreme case? Could my view be incomplete? Taking the initiative to meet people outside your usual circles—either online or in person—can break down prejudices and show that humans, despite differences, share many similar desires: respect, safety, belonging. Learning to pause before judging and double-checking information can prevent cynicism from deepening its roots. By embracing these habits, we grow more resilient against manipulation, maintain clearer thinking, and keep our sense of trust alive. In a world of swirling information, these steps help ensure we don’t lose sight of humanity’s better qualities.
Chapter 8: Putting Cynicism to the Test: Rebuilding Trust Through Skepticism, Empathy, and Courageous Conversation.
If cynicism is learned and not inevitable, we have the power to change. We need not become naive optimists, blindly trusting everyone. Instead, we can adopt healthy skepticism. Skepticism asks, Is there evidence for this claim? but does not assume that all claims are lies. It creates room for people to prove their honesty. This shift might seem small, but it makes a big difference. Instead of assuming everyone is selfish, we check for signals—acts of kindness, fairness, and sincerity—that confirm or challenge that assumption. Over time, we may find that even imperfect humans are capable of surprising decency. Allowing this possibility into our worldview can gradually chip away at the hardened shell of cynicism, making us more open to connections and more willing to try trusting again.
To rebuild trust, it helps to start small. Maybe it’s asking a colleague for help and seeing if they respond kindly. Or perhaps it’s participating in a community project, like planting a neighborhood garden, and noticing that others contribute time and effort without expecting immediate rewards. Step by step, as we gather examples of honest interactions and supportive relationships, our internal scales begin to rebalance. We see not only stories of wrongdoing but also patterns of generosity and cooperation. This does not mean ignoring problems; we still acknowledge that dishonesty and cruelty exist. But now we also recognize that these negatives do not define the whole story. By collecting positive experiences, we create a library of reasons to believe that trust can be earned, that bridges can be built, and that connections can improve our lives.
Another powerful way to combat cynicism is through genuine conversation. When we talk openly and thoughtfully with people who hold different views, we discover that disagreements don’t have to be wars of words. Asking questions—Why do you feel this way? or What experiences led you to believe that?—shifts the tone from accusation to understanding. Even if we don’t end up agreeing, we might find shared fears or similar hopes beneath the surface. Such dialogues are not easy. They require patience, the willingness to listen without immediately judging, and the courage to admit when we are uncertain. Yet these conversations remind us that others are more than stereotypes. By learning the backstories behind opinions, we begin to understand that differences do not automatically mean dishonesty or cruelty.
As we engage in these steps—adopting skepticism instead of cynicism, collecting positive experiences, and having respectful conversations—we gradually restore the broken bridges that cynicism has torn down. This process takes time. It’s like tending a garden that was neglected and overgrown with weeds. We must pull out the weeds of suspicion, plant seeds of trust, and water them with patience and honest effort. Over months and years, we may see new blooms of cooperation, understanding, and friendship. This renewed faith in humanity won’t make us blind to problems, but it will help us remember that people can work together to solve them. By chipping away at cynicism’s grip, we open our eyes to a more accurate, balanced, and hopeful view of what it means to be human.
All about the Book
In ‘Hope for Cynics’, Jamil Zaki explores the transformative power of empathy and connection, guiding readers to overcome cynicism and embrace a more hopeful perspective on humanity. A must-read for those seeking positivity in a fragmented world.
Jamil Zaki, a leading neuroscientist, passionately promotes the importance of empathy and understanding, drawing from extensive research to inspire readers toward a more connected and compassionate society.
Psychologists, Educators, Social Workers, Healthcare Professionals, Business Leaders
Reading self-help books, Volunteering, Participating in community service, Engaging in philosophical discussions, Practicing mindfulness and meditation
Cynicism and skepticism toward human nature, Lack of empathy in society, Isolation and loneliness, Mental health and well-being
Empathy is not just a feeling; it’s a commitment to understanding and connection that can heal the world.
Oprah Winfrey, Daniel Pink, Brené Brown
American Psychological Association Outstanding Publication Award, Gold Medal for Best Non-Fiction Book, Mind Book of the Year Award
1. What if empathy can actually be learned and practiced? #2. How can vulnerability strengthen our human connections? #3. Do small acts of kindness really make a difference? #4. Can skepticism coexist with hope in our lives? #5. What role does storytelling play in fostering empathy? #6. How can we overcome barriers to understanding others? #7. Is it possible to rewire our brains for optimism? #8. Can facing our fears help build resilience and trust? #9. How does community affect our social well-being positively? #10. In what ways can gratitude shift our perspectives? #11. How can we cultivate compassion for ourselves and others? #12. What strategies help improve our listening skills effectively? #13. How does science explain the benefits of human connection? #14. Can humor be a tool for bridging divides effectively? #15. What impact does social media have on our empathy levels? #16. How can questioning our biases enhance personal growth? #17. What are the signs that show empathy in action? #18. Can actively engaging in dialogue improve understanding? #19. How can we nurture a more hopeful mindset daily? #20. What steps can we take to embrace collective hope?
Hope for Cynics, Jamil Zaki, psychology of hope, overcoming cynicism, self-help books, emotional health, positive thinking, building resilience, personal development, mental wellness, inspiring literature, cynicism solutions
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