Introduction
Summary of the Book Power, Sex, Suicide by Nick Lane. Before moving forward, let’s take a quick look at the book. Think of the invisible engines humming inside every living cell of your body. They are called mitochondria, and their story spans billions of years, reshaping how life exists and evolves. Without these tiny structures, Earth might still be ruled by simple microbes drifting aimlessly through ancient oceans. Instead, mitochondria sparked complexity, making it possible for plants, animals, and humans to thrive. They supply energy, guide cell death, shape sexual reproduction, influence our ancestry, and even affect how we age. In other words, they help write life’s grand script. By exploring their hidden contributions, we uncover how a random partnership between primitive cells led to the boundless diversity around us. If you’ve ever wondered where your family originated, why we have two sexes, or why we grow old, mitochondria hold the keys. Let’s journey inside these tiny powerhouses and discover their profound secrets.
Chapter 1: Understanding How Tiny Mitochondria Became the Central Pillars of All Complex Life.
Imagine a time billions of years ago when life on Earth was nothing but tiny, single-celled beings drifting through ancient oceans. There were no towering trees, no giant animals roaming the lands, and certainly no humans thinking about their place in the universe. Instead, these earliest organisms were incredibly simple. Most were prokaryotes: tiny cells without a nucleus, similar to today’s bacteria. For what felt like an eternity, nothing seemed to change much. Life remained basic, stuck as microscopic floaters. But then, something remarkable happened. Among these humble creatures, a rare and extraordinary partnership formed. One cell swallowed another, not as a meal, but as a forever roommate. This swallowed cell eventually became what we now call a mitochondrion. From that moment on, a new kind of life emerged: eukaryotes, the building blocks of all plants, fungi, and animals, including us.
When scientists first studied cells under powerful microscopes, they noticed that some cells were more complex than others. The simpler cells, known as prokaryotes, lacked internal compartments and a true nucleus. In contrast, more complex cells, or eukaryotes, had distinct internal structures and a nucleus housing their genetic material. The difference was extraordinary—like comparing a small wooden hut to a modern apartment building with separate rooms. One of the most intriguing compartments they discovered inside eukaryotic cells was the mitochondrion. These little power units had their own DNA, a sign that they might once have been independent organisms. Through exploring these details, scientists began to realize that mitochondria were key to explaining how life evolved from simple, microscopic forms into complex creatures that could grow, think, see, hear, and eventually wonder about their own existence.
Long ago, before complex animals and vibrant forests filled Earth, there were only simple cells. But complexity was on the horizon. Scientists today believe that eukaryotic cells came into being when one ancient prokaryote, acting as a host, merged with another smaller prokaryote capable of generating energy. This smaller one would later become the mitochondrion. The event was incredibly rare—so rare that it might never have happened exactly the same way twice. Yet, it set in motion a chain of events that allowed life to explore new possibilities. With mitochondria churning out energy, early eukaryotic cells could support a more complex genetic structure, develop a nucleus, and eventually diversify into countless life forms. Plants, animals, and humans are all descendants of that astonishing merger, making mitochondria a central element in the story of all higher life.
From that ancient alliance, eukaryotes flourished. With mitochondria as their internal power plants, cells could afford to grow bigger, develop specialized parts, and cooperate with each other, eventually forming multicellular organisms. Over hundreds of millions of years, these organisms became more intricate, evolving into an astonishing variety of life forms—from towering redwoods to blue whales, from dragonflies to humans contemplating their origins. The key to this explosion of complexity lay in the newfound energy surplus provided by mitochondria. Without these tiny, efficient factories running inside cells, life would likely have remained stuck in a monotonous loop of simplicity. Instead, mitochondria propelled organisms toward complexity, reshaping Earth’s biosphere forever. They opened doors to new forms of existence and paved the way for breathing, thinking beings that now populate our planet and marvel at their remarkable beginnings.
Chapter 2: Unmasking the Mighty Powerhouses Within Our Cells Fueling All Creatures Alive.
Imagine trying to run a massive city without a reliable power source. Buildings would stay dark, machines would grind to a halt, and life within that city would become impossible. Just like cities, cells need a reliable energy supply to function. Mitochondria are like the compact, efficient power plants that keep our cellular cities running smoothly. They take in oxygen and nutrients, channeling them into a series of chemical reactions to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the energy currency all living cells depend on. Every breath you take, every apple you eat, and every bit of energy you burn during the day is tied to the work mitochondria do within your cells. Without them, your body would be as powerless as a city with no electricity, unable to think, move, or even stay alive.
The process of making ATP is remarkable. Think about the way a dam stores water and then releases it through turbines to generate electricity. Mitochondria operate in a somewhat similar fashion. They create a reservoir of protons—tiny charged particles—across their internal membranes. As these protons flow back through specialized channels, much like water through turbines, the energy released is captured to form ATP. British biochemist Peter Mitchell unveiled this mechanism, called chemiosmotic coupling, earning him a Nobel Prize in 1978. The image of a cellular power plant, tiny yet immensely productive, helps us appreciate how energy flows at the microscopic level. Without this elegant system, life’s complexity would falter. Mitochondria do not just provide energy; they govern the rhythm of existence, enabling cells to function, divide, and contribute to the grand tapestry of life.
While the Sun bathes Earth in energy, organisms need a way to convert that raw solar power into usable fuel. Plants achieve this by using sunlight to create sugars, and animals obtain energy by consuming these sugars and breaking them down through respiration. But none of this would be feasible without mitochondria acting as the final energy converters. They transform the energy locked in sugars into ATP, a form that cells can spend like money to carry out all kinds of tasks. With this reliable supply of ATP, complex beings can be built and maintained. Muscles contract, nerves fire messages, and tissues heal—all thanks to the energy furnished by mitochondria. They are the backstage crew members ensuring that every performance in the theater of life has the light, sound, and motion needed for the show.
Because mitochondria allow cells to generate substantially more energy than their ancestral prokaryotes could, they also set the stage for growth, diversification, and complexity. By controlling the most fundamental currency of biology—energy—mitochondria empowered eukaryotes to surpass the limitations of simpler cells. Just as modern technology revolutionized human societies by providing abundant energy sources, mitochondria revolutionized biological life by boosting energy output and efficiency. The energy that once trickled through primitive cells now flowed in torrents, fueling the rise of more advanced cell structures, longer lifespans, and intricate organisms. This energy bounty not only shaped what life could become physically, but also what it could achieve functionally—leading to the development of senses, movement, intelligence, and cooperation. In other words, mitochondria’s gift of power was the spark that ignited life’s grand evolutionary journey.
Chapter 3: Revealing Why Ancient Bacterial Simplicity Could Never Bloom Into Complex Beings.
Over billions of years, bacteria have shown impressive resilience and adaptability. They can survive in scorching deserts, icy glaciers, and even near volcanic vents deep under the ocean. Their incredible diversity shows that they are masters of endurance. Yet, despite their success, bacteria never made the leap to become truly complex, multicellular organisms with specialized tissues and advanced body plans. Why not? Scientists have puzzled over this question for decades. The answer lies partly in the energy trade-offs these simple cells face. Without mitochondria, bacteria rely heavily on their outer membranes to generate the energy they need. This works well for small cells, but as cells grow larger, it becomes increasingly difficult to gather enough energy to maintain more complicated internal structures. Bacteria remain stuck in a world where simplicity is key to survival.
Because bacteria must replicate quickly to outcompete other microbes, they keep their genetic material and cell structures relatively lean. Copying a bigger genome takes more time and energy, slowing down reproduction. If they tried to expand into greater complexity—say, by adding more genes or building internal compartments—they would lose their competitive edge. Their strategy favors staying small and efficient rather than growing larger and more complex. Eukaryotes, on the other hand, got around this limitation by acquiring mitochondria. With mitochondria inside them, they had a way to multiply their energy output without relying on their outer membrane alone. This freed them from the constraints that held bacteria back. Instead of remaining basic, they could invest in complexity, exploring paths of evolution that bacteria could scarcely dream of.
This fundamental divide between bacterial simplicity and eukaryotic complexity is not just a minor detail. It is the reason why our planet teems with multicellular organisms from towering trees to birds soaring overhead, while bacteria stay small and single-celled. The extraordinary event that created the first eukaryotic cell—one prokaryote engulfing another—was a once-in-a-billion-years stroke of evolutionary luck. Had it not occurred, life on Earth might still be trapped in a slow dance of competing microbes, never graduating beyond microscopic struggles. Mitochondria offered a chance at a bigger energy budget, and eukaryotes leaped at that opportunity, breaking through the glass ceiling that held back bacterial complexity. It was a game-changing moment that rewrote the rules of life’s progression, leading ultimately to the stunning diversity and sophistication we now see.
Think of bacteria as efficient scooters built for short trips. They save fuel, move lightly, and easily zip around. But if one wanted to transform that scooter into a deluxe tour bus with spacious seating, air conditioning, and complex controls, the old system simply would not cut it. You would need a powerful engine to carry the added weight and complexities. Similarly, bacteria never made that upgrade because they lacked the energy-generating engine—mitochondria—that made complexity possible. Eukaryotes, having acquired that engine, could now afford the luxury of complexity, evolving into plants, animals, and eventually humans reflecting on their origins. The bacterial world remains a realm of splendid simplicity, successful in its own right, while eukaryotic life marches forward into greater biological intricacy. This fundamental difference shapes what life forms are possible and why.
Chapter 4: Exploring How Increased Energy Efficiency Triggered Explosive Complexity in Eukaryotic Life.
Once mitochondria were part of eukaryotic cells, a new world of opportunities opened. Eukaryotes could upgrade their internal operations, build better cellular machinery, and develop new functions. Like a growing city benefiting from a dependable power grid, these cells could support specialized workers—organelles performing distinct tasks. Complexity took off because each addition became easier to support with plentiful energy. While evolution does not plan ahead, it rewards what works. And in these energy-rich cells, complexity worked brilliantly. Each new layer of sophistication gave organisms the tools to adapt to changing environments, survive tough conditions, and explore fresh evolutionary paths. Over time, this led to the emergence of creatures with senses, nervous systems, and eventually brains capable of curiosity and thought. All of these wonders trace back to the efficient energy machinery deep inside their cells.
Energy efficiency creates a powerful incentive for growth and innovation in living systems. Consider how in human societies, abundant energy sources like coal or electricity sparked industrial revolutions, enabling more complex tools, communication networks, and lifestyles. Similarly, abundant cellular energy allowed eukaryotes to break free from strict limitations. They could afford larger genomes, more complex gene regulation, and advanced cell structures. As eukaryotes gained complexity, they could form multicellular beings. Cells learned to cooperate rather than exist as single, independent units. This cooperation led to the development of tissues and organs, distributing work and relying on each other’s specialized tasks. Suddenly, life’s canvas widened, making room for endless forms—corals, insects, amphibians, mammals—all woven from the same fundamental pattern: energy-driven complexity sparked by mitochondria’s entry into the game.
A striking example of how energy efficiency influences complexity is found in the relationship between size and metabolism. Smaller creatures, like mice, have faster heartbeats and higher metabolic rates than larger animals, like elephants. Smaller bodies burn energy quickly, while bigger bodies often use it more slowly but more efficiently. Eukaryotic cells scaling up and diversifying their organelles is akin to these larger organisms optimizing energy usage. As complexity increased, organisms could store more energy reserves, survive longer, and refine their cellular processes. They could also pass on more reliable genetic information, secure in the knowledge that their energy supplies were stable. This led to advanced life forms that could explore new habitats, experiment with different diets, and navigate their surroundings in ways simpler cells could not even begin to imagine.
This incremental complexity became a hallmark of eukaryotic evolution. Over millions of years, small but steady improvements in energy handling and cellular organization shaped the eukaryotic lineage into a rich tapestry of life. With mitochondria powering the show, these organisms experimented with different body plans, survival strategies, and symbiotic partnerships. Plants harnessed sunlight through chloroplasts, another internal helper cell, while animals honed movement and sensation. This diverse ecosystem set the stage for ecosystems teeming with interactions—predator-prey dynamics, pollination, and symbiotic relationships. Ultimately, the energy advantage granted by mitochondria underpinned the dramatic shift from simple, single-celled life to the complexity we marvel at today. In every cell’s carefully choreographed dance of survival and reproduction, mitochondria remain the hidden drummers, setting the beat for life’s energetic pulse.
Chapter 5: Unraveling the Hidden Role of Mitochondria in Commanding Cell Death and Survival.
In a bustling multicellular organism, cells must cooperate for the greater good. But what happens when a cell refuses to play by the rules, multiplying recklessly or malfunctioning? Nature has a built-in quality control system called apoptosis, or programmed cell death. It is like a careful pruning of diseased branches from a healthy tree. Interestingly, mitochondria hold the keys to this cellular self-destruction. When signals arrive that a cell is damaged or unnecessary, mitochondria can release biochemical triggers, causing the cell to systematically dismantle itself. This may sound grim, but it is crucial for maintaining health. Without apoptosis, damaged cells might multiply and lead to harmful conditions. By guiding the life and death of cells, mitochondria ensure that the organism’s tissues remain well-ordered, replacing old or faulty cells and preserving the overall harmony of life.
This power to initiate cell death hints that mitochondria are not just passive energy suppliers. They play an active role in controlling cell fate, like a judge deciding whether a cell should continue living or face its end. Some scientists propose that in the earliest stages of eukaryotic evolution, mitochondria may have acted more like invaders than helpful allies, using their death-triggering powers to move between host cells. Over time, however, host cells and mitochondria found a balance, forging a peaceful coexistence. Now, rather than harming the host, mitochondria help maintain order. This cooperation benefited both sides. Healthy hosts can replicate and pass on mitochondria, while mitochondria enjoy the stable environment of the cell. Such intricate relationships highlight how complex life is built upon layers of trust and cooperation, guided by signals and controls evolving over millions of years.
If apoptosis keeps cells in check, preventing them from overgrowing or becoming cancerous, we can view mitochondria as guardians of the organism’s overall health. By responding to internal and external cues, they help remove unwanted cells. Sometimes, when a cell is infected by a virus, apoptosis can isolate and eliminate the infected cell before the virus spreads. Mitochondria orchestrate this process by releasing proteins that trigger a domino effect of chemical reactions, ultimately dismantling cell components. While this system is intricate, it makes sense from an evolutionary standpoint: preventing a few cells from harming the entire organism is essential for long-term survival. Thus, mitochondria’s role in apoptosis represents another dimension of their influence—beyond fueling life’s complexity, they help maintain order and stability, shaping the destiny of every multicellular community.
This delicate balance between cell survival and cell death is vital for processes like development and tissue maintenance. For example, when human embryos develop, webs of skin between fingers disappear thanks to apoptosis, ensuring that fingers separate properly. Later in life, worn-out tissues are replaced as old cells die off and fresh ones take their place, much like rotating stock in a store to keep shelves replenished and tidy. Behind these quiet, continuous adjustments, mitochondria stand as key decision-makers. By influencing whether cells live or die, they guide the grand narrative of growth, repair, and adaptation that unfolds in every living organism. Without mitochondria’s subtle orchestration, life’s complexity would quickly descend into chaos, revealing yet again that these tiny powerhouses do far more than just churn out energy molecules.
Chapter 6: Investigating How Mitochondria Shape Sexual Reproduction and Define Our Biological Sexes.
Sexual reproduction is a curious affair. It involves mixing genetic information from two individuals to produce offspring that carry a reshuffled deck of genes. But why did sex evolve in the first place, and what does it have to do with mitochondria? The link is subtle yet profound. Since mitochondria can regulate cell death, it is possible that their ancient tendency to control a host cell’s fate nudged early eukaryotes toward new survival strategies. Instead of simply dividing, some cells might have merged, creating a shared genetic pool. Over generations, these unions became more organized, leading to distinct male and female reproductive cells. Eventually, sex became the favored method of reproduction for many complex organisms because it increased genetic variety, helping lineages adapt to changing environments. Mitochondria’s influence on cellular cooperation and survival indirectly paved the way for sexual reproduction.
But why do we have different sexes, like males and females, rather than just blending genetic material randomly? Once again, mitochondria hold a clue. If both parents contributed mitochondria to offspring, conflicts could arise as different mitochondrial lineages compete within the same cell. This internal competition would be harmful, messing up the cell’s delicate energy balance. To avoid such turmoil, one sex—typically the female—passes on the majority of the mitochondria, while the other—usually the male—contributes mainly nuclear DNA. Over time, this division of labor became standard practice. Female eggs carry thousands of mitochondria, while sperm carry very few, ensuring that offspring inherit a consistent mitochondrial population. As a result, we see clear differences between males and females, linked in part to how mitochondria are transmitted across generations.
This arrangement makes sense when we think about maintaining cellular harmony. If two sets of mitochondria with slightly different features ended up in one offspring, they might fight for dominance. Such a battle could harm the cell’s energy supply and thus the health of the developing organism. By standardizing the source of mitochondria—usually the mother’s line—organisms ensure that their cells start out with identical energy factories. This reliability underlies stable development, from a fertilized egg into a fully formed individual. Over millions of years, this pattern reinforced the differences between male and female reproductive strategies. Males produce many small, mobile sperm that seek out a larger, energy-rich egg, ensuring that the egg’s mitochondria become the sole power source for the future embryo’s cells.
As a result, sexes in many species are not just about how we look or behave, but also about how we inherit the very power units that keep our cells alive. This mitochondrial inheritance pattern even allows scientists to trace our maternal ancestry back through time. Since mitochondria change relatively slowly, the mitochondrial DNA you carry today resembles that of your mother, grandmother, and countless maternal ancestors before them. By analyzing these genetic signatures, researchers uncovered that all modern humans share a common maternal ancestor known as Mitochondrial Eve, who lived in Africa roughly 200,000 years ago. This remarkable discovery connects every human alive, linking our past and present through the tiny organelles that fueled the first complex cells, lit the spark of sex, and shaped the differences that define our sexes.
Chapter 7: Tracing Our Maternal Ancestry Through Mitochondrial DNA Linking Us to Early Humans.
Our mitochondria do more than just provide energy and influence reproduction; they are also time travelers, carrying a historical record of our maternal lineage. Each of us inherits our mitochondria almost exclusively from our mother’s egg. Over countless generations, the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) passed down from mothers to children remains largely unchanged, like a delicate family heirloom. Although small mutations occur occasionally, the rate of change is slow enough that scientists can use mtDNA to construct a genetic family tree that stretches back thousands of generations. By comparing mtDNA from people worldwide, researchers discovered a single maternal ancestor who lived in Africa long ago. She is not the only woman alive at her time, but her mitochondrial lineage happens to be the one that survived through the ages, linking us all.
This tracing of ancestry through mtDNA reshapes how we think about ourselves. Instead of seeing human populations as isolated, distinct branches, we realize that we all share a common root. Mitochondrial Eve’s existence reveals a unity that lies beneath our surface differences in culture, language, and appearance. The subtle clues locked inside our mitochondria help us piece together human migration patterns, showing how groups of early humans left Africa and spread across the globe, adapting to new climates and lifestyles. MtDNA becomes a quiet witness to epic journeys and struggles, victories and setbacks, etched into every cell. Understanding these genetic links fosters a sense of belonging and humility: we are part of one extended family spanning continents and millennia, all connected by the microscopic power units nestled within our cells.
This genetic detective work would not be possible without mitochondria. Their reliable pattern of inheritance, stable structure, and slow mutation rate make them ideal markers for unraveling the mysteries of our past. Before these discoveries, many questions about human origins lingered. How long ago did our ancestors roam African grasslands? How did they spread throughout Asia, Europe, and the Americas? Mitochondrial DNA provided clues that helped answer these riddles. By comparing DNA samples collected worldwide, scientists confirmed that all humans today descend from ancient populations in Africa. Mitochondria, the same tiny organelles powering our every breath, became shining beacons guiding us back in time. With this remarkable tool, history’s tapestry grows richer, reminding us that beneath our modern differences, we share a genetic thread dating back to a single maternal line.
In essence, mitochondria bridge the gap between biology and history. They show us that the very engines of our cells also serve as archives of human migration and evolution. This understanding blurs the lines between science and story, making human origins both a biological fact and a shared narrative. As we learn more, we grow more connected, not just to the billions of other people alive today, but also to the countless generations that came before. The mitochondria humming inside your cells once powered ancestors who hunted, gathered, farmed, explored, and built civilizations. They are silent witnesses to our collective past and faithful companions in our present lives. Perhaps most importantly, they remind us that, at our core, we are one people bound together by threads of ancient, energy-giving cells.
Chapter 8: Decoding Mitochondria’s Influence on Aging, Lifespan, and the Ultimate Fate of All Organisms.
As we go about our lives, we grow older, our bodies change, and eventually, we reach the end of our journey. Aging may seem mysterious, but science suggests that mitochondria play a starring role in this process too. Over time, the chemical reactions that power our cells generate unstable molecules called free radicals. Think of these as tiny sparks that can damage important cellular components. Because so many energy-producing reactions occur inside mitochondria, these organelles are especially vulnerable to free radical damage. As mitochondria are worn down, cells become less efficient, tissues gradually lose function, and organs start to struggle. This steady decline is what we experience as aging. While many factors influence aging, the delicate balance between energy production and damage inside mitochondria remains a crucial piece of the puzzle.
The idea that free radicals escaping from mitochondria contribute to aging was first proposed decades ago, sparking intense debates. Some argued that if we could control free radicals or boost antioxidants—molecules that neutralize free radicals—we could slow aging. Although antioxidants are helpful to an extent, reality turned out to be more complicated than expected. Aging is a multi-layered process influenced by genes, lifestyle, and environment, not just free radicals. Still, mitochondria’s role in aging is widely acknowledged. Their gradual decline sets off chains of events that reduce cell efficiency. Muscles grow weaker, our immune systems slow down, and the risk of diseases like Alzheimer’s or cancer rises. Understanding mitochondria’s influence on aging helps us think about how to maintain healthier lives, possibly extending our years of activity and well-being.
Interestingly, animals with slower metabolisms—often larger creatures—tend to live longer. This correlation suggests that how fast mitochondria process energy matters. Birds, however, break this pattern, enjoying longer lifespans despite high metabolic rates. This exception proves that aging is not solely about metabolism. Yet, the link remains strong enough to highlight how mitochondrial function affects longevity. As cells divide and mitochondria replicate, tiny errors accumulate in mitochondrial DNA. Over decades, these small errors add up, reducing the organelles’ ability to supply energy efficiently. With less energy, cellular repair mechanisms falter. Over a lifetime, this slow buildup of damage guides us all toward the inevitable end. Although we cannot stop aging entirely, investigating the role of mitochondria offers hope that we might one day influence the pace of this journey.
In the grand story that mitochondria tell, aging and death are the final chapters for every living organism. They remind us that life’s energy flow, so crucial for complexity, growth, and reproduction, also comes with a cost: the gradual wearing down of cells and tissues. From tiny prokaryotes in ancient seas to us walking the Earth today, mitochondria have overseen the long march of evolution, fueled the rise of complex life, and guided the delicate balance of birth, growth, reproduction, and decline. By understanding their role in aging, we gain insights into why our bodies change over time and why they cannot run forever. We might even discover ways to improve our later years. Ultimately, mitochondria are gatekeepers of fate, linking our distant past to the final breaths we take.
All about the Book
Discover the intricate connections between power, sexuality, and mortality in ‘Power, Sex, Suicide’ by Nick Lane. This profound exploration reveals how energy production shapes life, driving our desires and decisions.
Nick Lane is a renowned biochemist and author, celebrated for his insightful writings on evolution, energy, and life’s complexities. His work bridges science with accessible narratives.
Biochemists, Psychologists, Sociologists, Health Professionals, Environmental Scientists
Reading Science Literature, Exploring Human Biology, Engaging in Philosophical Debates, Studying Evolutionary Theory, Participating in Discussion Groups on Society
Understanding of human energy production, The role of sexuality in evolution, Impacts of modern society on mental health, Ethics of genetic engineering and biotechnology
Life is more than a set of biological processes; it is a dance of energy and desire, shaping our very existence.
Richard Dawkins, Bill Nye, David Attenborough
Royal Society of Literature Award, Wellcome Book Prize, Michael Faraday Award
1. How does mitochondria influence our energy production? #2. What role do mitochondria play in aging processes? #3. How are sex and mitochondria interconnected in evolution? #4. What impact does oxidative stress have on cells? #5. Can understanding mitochondria improve our health choices? #6. How does cellular respiration contribute to our survival? #7. What mechanisms lead to cell death and suicide? #8. How does energy generation affect organismal fitness? #9. What is the significance of mitochondrial DNA in inheritance? #10. How do environmental factors influence mitochondrial function? #11. What are the connections between mitochondria and disease? #12. How can lifestyle changes benefit mitochondrial health? #13. What evolutionary advantages do sexual reproduction provide? #14. How does mitochondrial dysfunction relate to neurodegeneration? #15. What is the link between metabolism and longevity? #16. How can mitochondrial research lead to medical breakthroughs? #17. What factors are critical in mitochondrial biogenesis? #18. How do viruses interact with mitochondrial functions? #19. How does mitochondrial dynamics affect cellular health? #20. What is the role of mitochondria in fertility?
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