Introduction
Summary of the Book The One Device by Brian Merchant. Before moving forward, let’s take a quick look at the book. Imagine holding a device that not only connects you to the world but also holds within its sleek frame the culmination of over a century of innovation, countless untold stories, and the silent struggles of millions. The iPhone, often seen as the epitome of modern technology, is much more than just a smartphone. Its journey from humble beginnings to becoming a global phenomenon is filled with fascinating twists and turns, hidden heroes, and unexpected challenges. As you delve into the pages of this book, you’ll uncover the intricate tapestry woven by brilliant minds, relentless workers, and groundbreaking technologies that have shaped the iPhone into the device we can’t live without today. Prepare to embark on an eye-opening adventure that reveals the secret history of the iPhone, inviting you to see beyond the screen and appreciate the complex world behind your favorite gadget.
Chapter 1: Unveiling the iPhone’s Hidden Journey Beyond Steve Jobs’ Vision.
The story of the iPhone is often told as a tale of Steve Jobs alone, but its roots dig much deeper into the world of technology and innovation. Imagine a small group of Apple employees in the early 2000s, secretly meeting to dream up something revolutionary without Jobs knowing. These weren’t just any employees—they were talented software designers, input engineers, and an exceptional industrial designer named Joshua Stricken, fresh from MIT. Stricken was a genius in human-computer interaction and touch-based technology, which would become the cornerstone of the iPhone. Alongside him were Greg Christie, Imran Chowdhury, and Baz Oerding, whose creativity in user interface design was unparalleled. Together, they believed that the traditional keyboard and mouse were outdated and sought to create a device that allowed for more natural and direct interaction with technology.
For months, this dedicated team tinkered with ideas, experimenting with motion sensors and multi-touch technology. Their workspace buzzed with excitement and frustration as they faced the challenges of turning their vision into reality. Slowly but surely, they crafted the first low-tech prototype of what would eventually evolve into the iconic iPhone. This prototype was just the beginning, laying the groundwork for future advancements that would redefine how we interact with our devices. However, they were not the first to explore such technologies. Many innovators before them had laid the foundational stones, inspiring the team to push the boundaries even further. The journey from those initial experiments to the final product was filled with trials, errors, and moments of sheer brilliance.
As the prototype took shape, the team realized that they were onto something big. The potential of a device that could seamlessly integrate phone calls, music, and internet browsing was immense. They envisioned a handheld miracle that could replace multiple gadgets people used daily. This idea was groundbreaking, sparking excitement not just within Apple but also in the broader tech community. The collaboration among these brilliant minds was like a symphony, each person bringing their unique skills to the table to create something extraordinary. Their combined efforts were instrumental in overcoming the technical hurdles that stood in the way of their ambitious project.
Behind the scenes, countless other innovations and unsung heroes were contributing to the iPhone’s success. From the development of advanced voice recognition tools to the perfection of touchscreen technology, every small improvement played a crucial role. Additionally, millions of workers around the world, often unnoticed, were essential in manufacturing the components that made the iPhone possible. Their hard work and dedication were the backbone of this technological marvel, ensuring that every device met the high standards Apple set. The iPhone’s journey is a testament to the power of collaboration, innovation, and the relentless pursuit of excellence that goes far beyond the spotlight of a single visionary like Steve Jobs.
Chapter 2: Tracing the Century-Old Origins of Mobile Technology Leading to the iPhone Revolution.
Believe it or not, the journey to the modern iPhone began over a century ago. In 1910, a Swedish inventor named Lars Magnus Eriksson created the first mobile phone, which was quite different from what we use today. This early mobile device was a car phone, meaning it had to stay connected to telephone lines with a wire. While it was a significant innovation for its time, it wasn’t truly mobile by today’s standards. However, Eriksson’s invention set the stage for future developments in mobile technology, showing that the idea of portable communication was possible. This early experiment sparked the imagination of inventors who dreamed of creating devices that could be carried anywhere without being tethered.
Fast forward to 1917, and we see another leap in mobile phone technology thanks to Finnish inventor Erik Tegerstedt. Tegerstedt introduced a truly wireless flip phone that bore a striking resemblance to the mobile phones we use today. Its thin, minimalist design was ahead of its time, showcasing the potential for sleek and portable devices. Despite these early innovations, mobile phones didn’t become mainstream until much later. It wasn’t until the 1980s that cell phones started to gain popularity, primarily due to advancements in technology that made them more affordable and practical for everyday use. This delayed adoption was partly because the technology needed to support truly mobile communication was still being developed and refined.
The 1990s marked a significant turning point with the introduction of the first smartphone, the Simon Personal Communicator, created by IBM’s Frank Canova Jr. This device was a precursor to the iPhone, combining the functionality of a phone with that of a computer. The Simon featured a touchscreen and applications, laying the groundwork for the smart devices we rely on today. However, the technology of the time wasn’t quite ready to support all the features Canova envisioned. The device was bulky, much like a brick, and its limited storage capacity couldn’t handle the plethora of apps and games that were planned. These limitations prevented the Simon from achieving widespread popularity, but its innovative design provided valuable lessons for future smartphone developers.
These early mobile devices, despite their shortcomings, were crucial inspirations for the creators of the iPhone. The visionaries behind Apple’s groundbreaking device took these initial ideas and built upon them, addressing the technological challenges that previously hindered mobile phone advancement. By integrating more powerful processors, larger storage capacities, and more efficient battery technologies, Apple was able to create a device that truly embodied the concept of a smartphone. The iPhone didn’t just follow in the footsteps of these early inventions; it revolutionized the entire industry by combining multiple functionalities into one sleek and user-friendly device. This legacy of innovation, stretching back over a century, highlights the enduring human quest to connect, communicate, and create smarter, more efficient technology.
Chapter 3: How Decades of Battery Research Power the iPhone’s Incredible Rechargeability.
Have you ever wondered what makes your iPhone’s battery last all day? The secret lies in a long history of research and development that dates back to the 1970s. During this time, the world was grappling with an oil crisis, which sparked a global effort to find alternative energy sources. Scientists and engineers were racing to develop new types of batteries that could store energy more efficiently and reduce dependence on oil. One of the key figures in this quest was Stan Whittingham, a brilliant chemist from Stanford University hired by Exxon. Whittingham’s groundbreaking work focused on lithium-based batteries, which held the promise of higher energy densities compared to the zinc and carbon batteries that were common at the time.
Despite the potential of lithium batteries, Whittingham faced significant challenges. His early prototypes kept overheating and even catching fire, making them unsafe for everyday use. This was a major setback, but it wasn’t the end of the story. Enter John Goodenough, a renowned physicist who played a pivotal role in solving the battery’s stability issues. Unlike Whittingham, who used titanium in his lithium battery designs, Goodenough opted for cobalt oxide. This simple yet effective change resulted in a much more stable and reliable battery, paving the way for the rechargeable lithium-ion batteries we use today. Goodenough’s innovation was a crucial breakthrough that enabled the creation of safer and more efficient batteries, which are now integral to devices like the iPhone.
The rechargeable lithium-ion battery works through a fascinating process. When you use your iPhone, electrical current flows through an electrolyte from one electrode, the anode, to another, the cathode. When you plug your phone into a charger, the energy source reverses the flow of current, sending energy back to the battery and making it reusable. This clever design allows the battery to be charged and discharged many times without losing its effectiveness. Over the years, researchers have continued to refine this technology, increasing the battery’s capacity and longevity. Today, the lithium-ion battery in the iPhone is a marvel of modern engineering, providing the power needed to keep your device running smoothly throughout the day.
The impact of lithium-ion batteries extends far beyond smartphones. In 2015, the global market for these batteries was valued at $30 billion, and projections suggested it would soar to $77 billion by 2024. This explosive growth is driven by the rising demand for electric cars, with companies like Tesla leading the charge. Tesla’s Gigafactory, the world’s largest lithium-ion battery plant, exemplifies the importance of these batteries in the future of energy storage and transportation. As technology continues to advance, the rechargeable lithium-ion battery remains at the heart of innovation, enabling the creation of more powerful and efficient devices. The iPhone’s impressive battery life is just one example of how decades of dedicated research and development have culminated in the sophisticated technology we rely on every day.
Chapter 4: From Early Snapshots to Selfies: How the iPhone Camera Transformed Photography Forever.
Imagine taking a picture with a device that fits in your pocket. It sounds like magic, but that’s exactly what the iPhone camera brought to the world. Back in 2007, when the first iPhone was released, its camera was a modest 2 megapixels. Surprisingly, a simple Nokia phone at the time had an 8-megapixel camera, making it seem like the original iPhone was behind in this department. However, Apple saw the camera not just as a feature but as an essential part of the phone’s user experience. Initially, the company didn’t prioritize it, but over time, the camera became one of the most important aspects of the iPhone, evolving into a complex and indispensable tool for millions of users worldwide.
Today’s iPhone cameras are marvels of engineering, containing over 200 intricate parts. These include sensors that capture light, image stabilization modules that prevent blurry photos, and image signal processors that enhance the quality of every shot. The complexity doesn’t end there—there’s also the front-facing selfie camera, known as the FaceTime camera, which has its own set of sophisticated components. Apple even has a dedicated camera division with around 800 employees focused solely on improving the iPhone’s photographic capabilities. This dedicated effort ensures that each new iPhone release offers better camera performance, keeping Apple at the forefront of smartphone photography technology.
The selfie, a concept that’s been around for over a century, found a new life with the iPhone’s front-facing camera. While Robert Cornelius took one of the first self-portraits in 1839, and Anastasia Nikolaevna captured her own image in 1914, it wasn’t until the iPhone made taking selfies effortless that the trend truly exploded. In 2010, the addition of the selfie camera revolutionized how people document their lives, making it easier than ever to capture spontaneous moments. This cultural shift was driven by the accessibility and ease of use that the iPhone provided, turning the selfie from a rare, deliberate act into a daily habit for millions around the globe.
The iPhone camera’s evolution didn’t stop at just making selfies easier. Each new model introduced features like higher megapixel counts, better low-light performance, and advanced software for editing and enhancing photos. These improvements allowed users to take professional-quality photos with a device that fits in their hand. The camera’s integration with social media platforms further amplified its impact, enabling instant sharing and fostering a new era of visual communication. The iPhone didn’t just popularize the selfie—it transformed photography into a ubiquitous part of everyday life, empowering people to capture and share their world in ways that were previously unimaginable.
Chapter 5: The Evolution of AI: Tracing the Roots of Siri’s Smart Technology Back to Early Innovations.
Have you ever asked your iPhone a question and received an instant answer? That’s Siri, Apple’s intelligent assistant, working its magic. But Siri didn’t just appear out of nowhere. Its development is rooted in decades of research and technological advancements in artificial intelligence, speech recognition, and language processing. By 2015, Siri was already answering a billion questions each week, and that number doubled the following year. This incredible growth is a testament to the sophisticated technology behind Siri, which combines various elements to understand and respond to user commands seamlessly.
Siri operates through a blend of artificial intelligence, speech recognition software, and natural language processing. When you speak to Siri, your voice is converted into digital data that the system can understand. This data is then sent to Apple’s servers, where powerful software interprets the words and determines the best response. Whether you’re asking about the weather, setting a reminder, or searching for a restaurant, Siri processes your request and provides an answer by accessing information from your phone or the internet. This seamless interaction makes Siri an invaluable tool for iPhone users, helping them navigate their day with ease and efficiency.
The journey to creating Siri began long before it became a household name. In the 1950s, John McCarthy and his colleagues at Stanford University coined the term artificial intelligence, sparking interest and research in the field. Fast forward to the 1960s, and a young Indian researcher named Dabala Rajagopal Reddy was already working on speech recognition systems. Reddy and his team developed a computer that could understand around 560 words with 92% accuracy, a remarkable achievement for its time. Their work laid the foundation for future advancements in how computers interact with human language, making the idea of a voice-activated assistant feasible.
During the 1970s, Reddy continued to refine his speech recognition systems while at Carnegie Mellon University, creating interfaces that could interpret and respond to spoken commands more accurately. These early systems, like Hearsay and its successor Hearsay 2, could understand up to a thousand English words, significantly improving their usability. These innovations were crucial stepping stones that eventually led to the development of modern AI assistants like Siri. By building on the groundwork laid by pioneers like Reddy, Apple was able to integrate advanced speech recognition and natural language processing into the iPhone, bringing intelligent assistance to the palms of millions of users worldwide.
Siri’s ability to understand and respond to complex queries is the result of continuous refinement and integration of cutting-edge technologies. Over the years, Apple has invested heavily in improving Siri’s capabilities, ensuring that it remains a powerful and reliable tool for users. The collaboration between software developers, linguists, and AI experts has enabled Siri to become more intuitive and responsive, anticipating user needs and providing personalized assistance. This relentless pursuit of excellence has made Siri an indispensable feature of the iPhone, showcasing how decades of research and innovation can come together to create something truly remarkable.
Chapter 6: The Dark Side of Technology: How iPhone Manufacturing Inflicts Human Suffering Worldwide.
When you hold your iPhone, it’s easy to marvel at its sleek design and advanced features, but have you ever wondered about the journey those tiny components took to get into your hand? The creation of an iPhone involves a vast network of raw materials, each with its own story of human toil and suffering. Take tin, for example, a crucial element used in the solder that connects the phone’s components. Much of this tin is mined from Cerro Rico, a mountain near Potosí in Bolivia, where the quest for precious metals has led to unimaginable human tragedy. Since mining began in the mid-1500s, between 4 and 8 million people have lost their lives due to starvation, harsh weather, and deadly cave-ins. Today, around 15,000 people, including thousands of children, still work in these perilous conditions, risking their lives every day for a resource that fuels the global tech industry.
The situation in Cerro Rico is dire, earning it the grim nickname the mountain that eats men. The relentless extraction of tin has not only caused countless deaths but has also devastated the local environment, making the mountain unstable and prone to collapse. Recent geological studies warn that Cerro Rico might give way entirely due to centuries of mining, threatening the lives of the remaining workers and the future of mining in the region. The human cost of producing something as commonplace as an iPhone is staggering, highlighting the often-overlooked consequences of our technological conveniences. These miners work under brutal conditions, with little regard for their safety or well-being, driven by the demand for the raw materials that power our devices.
But Cerro Rico is not the only place where iPhone production takes a heavy toll on human lives. More than half of the tin smelters used by Apple are located on Bangka Island in Indonesia, another site plagued by deadly mining practices. Here, mining operations are frequently conducted illegally, with overseers using tractors to dig pits that leave behind unstable walls. These precarious structures often collapse without warning, resulting in tragic loss of life. In 2014 alone, every week saw a miner lose their life due to these hazardous working conditions. The lack of regulation and oversight in these mining operations means that workers are exposed to constant danger, with little chance of escape or rescue when disasters strike.
The suffering doesn’t end with the mining process. Once the raw materials are extracted, they are sent to smelters where they are refined and processed before being shipped to factories that manufacture iPhone components. This entire supply chain is marked by exploitation and abuse, with workers receiving minimal wages and enduring unsafe working environments. The relentless pursuit of cheaper materials and higher profits drives companies to overlook the human cost of their products. As consumers, we often remain unaware of the harsh realities faced by those who labor to provide the materials for our devices. The iPhone, a symbol of modern technology and convenience, is built on a foundation of human suffering and exploitation that demands our attention and action.
Chapter 7: Inside the Giant Factories: The Exploitative Labor Practices Behind Every iPhone.
Beyond the dark mines that supply raw materials, the assembly of the iPhone itself is a story of exploitation and harsh working conditions. In China, just outside the bustling city of Shenzhen, lies one of the world’s largest factories owned by Foxconn, a key manufacturer for Apple. Foxconn employs around 1.3 million people globally, making it one of the biggest employers in mainland China, second only to giants like McDonald’s and Walmart. The Longhua plant in Shenzhen alone covers approximately 1.4 square miles and has housed up to 450,000 workers at its peak. Even today, it remains one of the largest factories in the world, bustling with activity as millions of iPhones are assembled each year.
However, the scale of Foxconn’s operations comes at a significant human cost. The working conditions in these factories are notoriously harsh and oppressive. In 2010, a tragic wave of suicides shook the factory, with 14 workers taking their own lives by jumping off tall buildings. The intense pressure and overwhelming stress led four more workers to attempt suicide, while another 20 were stopped just in time by vigilant officials. These heartbreaking incidents were driven by the unbearable working environment, which includes excessively long hours, strict and often abusive management, and a system of unjustified fines for minor mistakes. The relentless demands placed on workers leave little room for rest or personal time, creating a toxic atmosphere where mental health struggles can become fatal.
The response from Foxconn’s leadership to these tragedies was both shocking and callous. Instead of addressing the root causes of the stress and despair, Foxconn CEO Terry Gou installed nets around the factory buildings to prevent workers from committing suicide. This move was widely criticized as a superficial solution that ignored the underlying issues of worker exploitation and mistreatment. Steve Jobs, Apple’s co-founder, also showed little empathy towards the suffering of factory workers, dismissing their struggles by comparing their suicide rates to those of a typical university. This lack of concern highlights a systemic issue within the tech industry, where the pursuit of profit often overshadows the well-being of the very people who make these products possible.
Security at Apple’s supplier facilities adds another layer of control and suppression. During a visit to Apple’s suppliers in Shanghai, the author discovered that these factories are heavily guarded and monitored. Access to the facilities is strictly controlled, with no visitors allowed inside and even taking pictures from the outside being prohibited. Guards and cameras are everywhere, and the factories are surrounded by barbed wire, creating an impenetrable barrier. Pegatron, another major supplier based in Shanghai, employs advanced security measures like facial recognition software and card swipes to ensure that only authorized personnel can enter. While the company claims that these measures are necessary to protect intellectual property, they also serve to keep the harsh working conditions hidden from the public eye, preventing any scrutiny or intervention that might improve the lives of the workers.
The story of Foxconn and Apple’s suppliers is a stark reminder of the hidden human costs behind the sleek and powerful devices we use every day. The exploitation of workers in these massive factories underscores the ethical dilemmas faced by consumers and companies alike. As we marvel at the technological advancements embodied by the iPhone, it’s crucial to remember the individuals who endure unimaginable hardships to bring these devices to life. This hidden labor force, often unseen and unheard, bears the weight of our desire for the latest gadgets, highlighting the need for greater transparency and responsibility in the tech industry.
Chapter 8: The Hidden Heroes and Villains: Exploring the Unsung Workers Behind Your iPhone’s Creation.
While the spotlight often shines on the designers and engineers who create the iPhone, the true heroes behind this device are the countless workers who assemble its intricate parts. These workers, employed by companies like Foxconn and Pegatron, play a crucial role in bringing the iPhone to life. Each iPhone is a masterpiece of engineering, but without the skilled hands that meticulously put together its components, the device would remain a collection of unused parts. These workers perform repetitive and demanding tasks, ensuring that every piece fits perfectly and functions flawlessly. Their dedication and expertise are essential to maintaining the high standards that Apple is known for, yet their contributions often go unnoticed.
The daily lives of these factory workers are far from glamorous. They work in vast, overcrowded factories with strict schedules and minimal breaks. The pressure to meet production targets is immense, leading to long hours and a relentless pace of work. Despite the high wages compared to local standards, the demanding nature of the job leaves little time for personal life or rest. Many workers live in company-provided dormitories, where privacy is limited, and living conditions are basic at best. The lack of adequate support and the constant demand for higher productivity create a stressful environment that takes a significant toll on the workers’ mental and physical health.
Moreover, the factory environment is tightly controlled to prevent any form of dissent or unionization. Surveillance is pervasive, with cameras monitoring every corner of the facility to ensure that workers remain focused and compliant. Harsh penalties are imposed for mistakes, further intensifying the fear and anxiety among the workforce. This oppressive atmosphere stifles any attempt at organizing for better conditions, leaving workers with little recourse to improve their situation. The absence of fair labor practices and the suppression of workers’ rights highlight the dark side of the tech industry’s reliance on cheap labor to sustain its rapid growth and profitability.
Despite these challenges, many workers show remarkable resilience and dedication. They take pride in their work, knowing that their efforts contribute to creating one of the world’s most sought-after devices. The sense of accomplishment that comes from assembling a high-tech gadget provides a glimmer of hope amidst the harsh conditions. Some workers aspire to advance within the company, seeking better positions and improved working conditions through their performance and loyalty. Their stories of perseverance and strength are a testament to the human spirit’s ability to endure and thrive even in the most challenging circumstances. These unsung heroes are the backbone of the iPhone’s success, embodying the often-overlooked human element behind every technological marvel.
Chapter 9: The Ethical Dilemma: Balancing the iPhone’s Technological Marvels with Its Human Cost.
As we celebrate the iPhone’s incredible advancements and its impact on modern life, it’s essential to confront the ethical questions surrounding its production. The device symbolizes the pinnacle of technological achievement, offering unparalleled connectivity, entertainment, and convenience. Yet, behind every iPhone lies a network of human suffering, from the miners in Bolivia and Indonesia to the factory workers in China. This stark contrast raises important questions about the true cost of our technological conveniences and the responsibilities of both consumers and companies in addressing these issues. How can we reconcile our desire for the latest gadgets with the knowledge that their creation involves significant human hardship?
One approach to addressing this ethical dilemma is increased transparency. Consumers have the power to demand more information about where and how their devices are made. By understanding the supply chain and the conditions under which products are manufactured, people can make more informed choices about the products they support. Companies like Apple must take greater responsibility for ensuring fair labor practices and ethical sourcing of materials. This includes implementing stricter oversight of their suppliers, improving working conditions, and investing in sustainable and humane mining practices. Only through a commitment to ethical standards can the tech industry begin to mitigate the human cost of its innovations.
Another important aspect is consumer awareness and activism. As the public becomes more informed about the realities of iPhone production, there is growing pressure on companies to prioritize ethical practices over mere profitability. Activists and advocacy groups play a crucial role in highlighting abuses and pushing for change, whether through protests, campaigns, or partnerships with organizations that promote workers’ rights. By supporting these efforts and holding companies accountable, consumers can drive the demand for more ethically produced technology. This collective action can lead to meaningful improvements in the lives of those who work tirelessly behind the scenes to create the devices we cherish.
Moreover, technological advancements themselves can contribute to solving some of these ethical issues. Innovations in materials science, manufacturing processes, and supply chain management can reduce the reliance on harmful mining practices and improve working conditions. For instance, developing alternative materials that are less damaging to the environment and safer for workers can lessen the impact of mining on vulnerable communities. Additionally, automation and improved manufacturing technologies can alleviate the physical strain on factory workers, allowing them to work in safer and more comfortable environments. By leveraging technology to address its own ethical shortcomings, the industry can create a more sustainable and humane future for both consumers and producers.
Ultimately, the story of the iPhone is a powerful reminder that every technological advancement comes with its own set of challenges and responsibilities. As we continue to innovate and push the boundaries of what’s possible, it’s crucial to keep the human element at the forefront of our efforts. By fostering a culture of ethical responsibility, transparency, and compassion, we can ensure that the marvels of technology contribute to a better world for everyone involved. Balancing the benefits of the iPhone with its human cost is not just a challenge for the tech industry but a call to action for all of us to strive for a more just and equitable future.
All about the Book
Explore the captivating journey of the smartphone in ‘The One Device’ by Brian Merchant. Uncover its revolutionary impact on our lives, society, and the future of technology, all while tracing its origins and complex history.
Brian Merchant is a renowned tech journalist and author, acclaimed for his insightful analyses of technology’s role in shaping human experiences and society’s evolution in the digital age.
Technology Analysts, Marketing Professionals, Educators, Environmental Scientists, Product Designers
Technology Blogging, Reading Science Fiction, Exploring Gadgets, Photography, Participating in Maker Faires
Technological Obsolescence, Environmental Sustainability, Consumerism, Digital Privacy
The one device that has fundamentally changed how we communicate, work, and learn stands as both a symbol and a tool of our time.
Elon Musk, Bill Gates, Malcolm Gladwell
Los Angeles Times Book Prize, Financial Times and McKinsey Business Book of the Year, America Library Association Notable Books
1. How did Apple’s iPhone change global communication forever? #2. What roles do design and engineering play in technology? #3. How did the smartphone evolve from prior inventions? #4. What ethical concerns arise from mining materials for devices? #5. How does consumer demand shape technology development trends? #6. What impact does device manufacturing have on workers’ rights? #7. How has the iPhone influenced social interaction norms? #8. What are the implications of constant connectivity for society? #9. How do tech monopolies affect innovation and competition? #10. How does our reliance on devices affect mental health? #11. What environmental costs are associated with smartphone production? #12. How do cultures adapt to the rise of smartphones? #13. What future technologies might emerge from current trends? #14. How does advertising shape our relationship with devices? #15. What are the consequences of planned obsolescence in technology? #16. How do smartphones transform the way we consume media? #17. What role does user experience play in device success? #18. How do advancements in AI reshape our devices’ capabilities? #19. What challenges arise from smartphone addiction in society? #20. How does smartphone technology influence global economic dynamics?
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