Introduction
Summary of the Book What We Owe the Future by William MacAskill. Before moving forward, let’s take a quick look at the book. Picture standing atop a high vantage point, gazing down a winding river of time that flows from yesterday to eons into tomorrow. You may feel small, yet you possess immense influence. Within your hands lies the power to shape distant eras and affect lives not yet imagined. Future people cannot advocate for themselves. They rely entirely on our good sense and compassion. This book invites you to step into a grand narrative where moral progress, technological risks, and collective choices stretch far beyond any single lifetime. Through exploring risks like value lock-in, engineered pandemics, or destructive stagnation—and possibilities like wise innovations, robust institutions, and resilient moral frameworks—you’ll discover how your decisions matter. By understanding what we owe the future, we can guide humanity toward brighter, more enduring horizons.
Chapter 1: Exploring Why The Countless Generations Of Unborn Future People Truly Deserve Our Deep Care.
Imagine walking through a lush forest on a bright afternoon, sunlight dancing across the leaves as birds sing overhead. Suddenly, you drop a glass bottle, and it shatters into sharp fragments. Although no one is hurt right now, a child might be injured by that glass a week from now, or perhaps far into the future, maybe even a century hence. Does the time delay matter? Most caring individuals would say no. Pain is pain, and harm is harm, regardless of when it occurs. The notion that a future injury is as real and important as a present one is the key to understanding why unborn generations matter. They may not exist yet, but when they do, their happiness, safety, and well-being will be every bit as meaningful as ours today.
We must remember that future people are not abstractions; they will be individuals with hopes, dreams, fears, and loves. Just like us, they will laugh and cry, form friendships, learn from mistakes, and strive to build meaningful lives. Today’s decisions will shape their possibilities. If we pollute the world’s oceans, they will swim in toxic waters. If we deplete vital resources, they will struggle to grow food. Our ability to imagine their lives can guide us toward better choices now. Recognizing that future people have the potential to experience all the richness of life motivates us to become their protectors rather than their negligent ancestors. In giving them proper moral consideration, we ensure that the legacy we leave behind does not harm but instead nurtures their existence.
This idea that future generations deserve our care and attention is known as long-term thinking or long-termism. Long-termism encourages us to see humanity’s timeline as something vast and continuous, stretching not just across centuries, but possibly millennia. Picture a chain of human lives linked together through time. Our present deeds form critical links in this chain. If we break a link by acting recklessly today, we risk weakening or even snapping the chain for everyone who comes after us. In contrast, if we act wisely—promoting peace, knowledge, and stability—we strengthen that chain, granting countless future minds a brighter existence. Embracing this perspective transforms our daily routines and global policies. Every small, thoughtful action can ripple forward, shaping generations yet to be born.
Far in the future, unimaginable numbers of people could be alive, thriving on a renewed Earth or even beyond. Imagine humanity living for millions of years until Earth itself can no longer support life. Within that long sweep of time, there could be more future people than have ever existed. These individuals are not some distant fantasy; they represent a real moral responsibility. By caring about them, we invest in the human story as a whole. The scale of potential future lives dwarfs the number of those alive today, meaning that the stakes of our decisions are immense. We have no crystal ball, but we know our actions leave echoes. By honoring future people’s interests, we treat them as partners in a long, unfolding journey of human flourishing.
Chapter 2: Embracing The Long-Term Vision That Connects Present Actions To Distant Tomorrows.
A child born decades from now will inherit whatever world we leave behind. If we think of time like a vast, open landscape stretching into an unknown horizon, then our daily choices carve trails that others will follow. Understanding this concept means facing the truth: our generation is not an isolated bubble. We are participants in a grand relay race, passing a baton of culture, technology, values, and environment to the runners who follow. The question is, what kind of baton are we handing over? With a long-term vision, we recognize that short-term gains at the expense of long-term well-being are shortsighted. Instead, thoughtful policies, wise investments, and careful stewardship of resources ensure that tomorrow’s children can also run their leg of the race with dignity and hope.
Long-term thinking encourages us to consider the ripple effects of our behavior and policies. For instance, if a community invests in sustainable farming methods today, it ensures fertile fields for future harvests. If a city develops efficient public transportation, future citizens will breathe cleaner air and enjoy less congested streets. By seeing beyond our immediate interests, we give ourselves permission to imagine a world where human creativity, compassion, and ingenuity continue to grow. Instead of fixating solely on immediate comfort, we can see ourselves as gardeners planting seeds of well-being. Over time, these seeds can bloom into flourishing forests of opportunity, health, and knowledge that future generations will cherish.
The moral logic is clear: if we accept that all people matter regardless of where they are born, why not regardless of when they are born too? Distance in time should not erase compassion. Just as geography does not nullify a stranger’s worth, neither should the calendar. Adopting a long-term perspective encourages humility. We must acknowledge that our descendants may have needs and values we cannot fully predict. By prioritizing flexibility, resilience, and the pursuit of wisdom, we leave room for future societies to guide themselves. We do not want to limit tomorrow’s potential by short-sighted decisions today. Instead, we want to keep the future open, allowing for growth, moral improvement, and positive change.
When we choose to think long-term, we become architects of humanity’s destiny, carefully shaping the blueprint of civilizations yet to arise. Rather than using up finite resources or permanently scarring our planet, we can choose preservation and restoration. These choices range from small everyday acts—like recycling or conserving energy—to grand policy decisions that address climate change, manage technology responsibly, or mitigate catastrophic risks. Every step we take creates a pathway for those who follow. By embracing this vision, we position ourselves not as takers who leave behind scraps, but as builders who craft a sturdy foundation for countless future lives. In doing so, we connect our present moment to a grand tapestry of possible tomorrows, ensuring that we leave a world worth inhabiting.
Chapter 3: Understanding Historical Transformations In Moral Attitudes And Unveiling Secrets Of Ethical Progress.
Moral beliefs do not remain static across centuries. There was a time when practices we now find horrific, such as slavery, were widespread and accepted in many societies. As bizarre as it may seem to us, people living long ago found complex justifications for such cruelty. Over time, however, moral movements gained strength. Courageous groups took risks to push for changes that were anything but guaranteed. When abolitionists challenged the system, they faced ridicule and hostility. Yet their persistence, coupled with shifting economic, religious, and cultural factors, gradually eroded the institution of slavery. This example shows that moral progress is possible, but it does not happen automatically. It requires determined individuals, favorable conditions, and historical moments where old values can be reshaped into something better.
This gradual transformation in moral attitudes highlights that societies can overcome ingrained injustices. Still, moral progress is never written in the stars. There is no cosmic law ensuring that kindness, fairness, and compassion will win. Changes come about due to influences like education, open debate, moral reasoning, empathetic storytelling, and the courageous efforts of reformers. Sometimes it’s the emergence of a radical idea championed by a small but vocal minority. Other times, it’s the exposure of hidden cruelties that shocks the public conscience. As these forces interact, societies can break free from harmful traditions, forging new pathways toward more humane values. Understanding this process helps us realize that we too, today, stand at a moral crossroads, capable of shaping what future generations will consider just or unjust.
Think of moral progress as a delicate material that can be molded and refined. Just as molten glass can be blown and shaped into beautiful forms, our societal values can be influenced and directed. But just as glass eventually cools and hardens, moral landscapes can solidify, locking in values for long periods. This is what makes the present era so critical. We now have significant power through technology, media, and global interconnectedness to spread particular beliefs far and wide. We must be careful to avoid allowing harmful values—such as extreme authoritarianism, discrimination, or intolerance—to become entrenched. If we fail, later generations could be trapped under the weight of a hardened moral order that is impossible to reshape without extraordinary turmoil.
By understanding how moral progress emerged in the past, we learn essential lessons for shaping the future. Historical struggles against entrenched injustices teach us that honest dialogue, moral leadership, and a willingness to challenge the status quo can bend the arc of history toward compassion. Whether it’s ending harmful cultural norms, embracing human rights, or recognizing the moral worth of distant strangers, these transformations open doors to better futures. The crucial point is that moral improvements are not guaranteed. If we want a world where future people thrive under benevolent values, we must actively nurture this process now. Studying the past gives us confidence that progress is possible, but it also warns us that if we are not vigilant, destructive values could reemerge and take hold.
Chapter 4: Preventing The Dangerous Trap Of Locking-In Moral Values For Countless Future Centuries.
Imagine a world where one rigid ideology controls every aspect of life, from personal freedoms to scientific inquiry. Now imagine that this worldview remains frozen in place for thousands of years. Future generations would have no chance to improve or adapt their moral systems. This grim scenario is what we call value lock-in—when a particular moral framework becomes so dominant, powerful, and firmly embedded that it resists any significant change. Instead of welcoming new ideas, these systems shut them out, leaving future societies unable to discard outdated norms. Value lock-in is a frightening thought because the moral shape of the future is not fixed. If a harmful, oppressive set of values becomes locked in, countless future lives could suffer under a stifling, unchanging moral regime.
Throughout history, many value systems have shown remarkable staying power. Religious texts millennia old still influence political discussions. Cultural traditions passed down for generations can guide public opinion and affect how people treat one another. But while many old values have noble roots, there is always a risk that oppressive or destructive viewpoints can gain similar footholds. With current technological advances, especially in Artificial Intelligence (AI), we must be more cautious than ever. AI can potentially amplify certain ideologies, making it easier to spread and enforce them globally. If we combine AI-driven persuasion with surveillance and control, an era of moral stagnation could dawn, lasting indefinitely. Such a future would shut down moral exploration, freeze progress, and deny countless future individuals the chance to shape their own ethical landscapes.
Preventing value lock-in involves keeping our moral world flexible and open. Imagine the moral landscape as a marketplace of ideas, where various viewpoints compete and evolve. Healthy moral evolution thrives when societies encourage debate, experiment with new forms of governance, and protect freedoms of thought and expression. Initiatives like charter cities, where alternative political and social systems can be tested, might help us discover which values lead to prosperity and fairness. By allowing for moral experimentation, we increase the odds that, over time, the best values—those that promote well-being, liberty, and understanding—win out. Moral openness also ensures we do not prematurely seal our descendants into a moral straitjacket, granting them room to improve, innovate, and build upon what we leave behind.
Just as abolishing slavery required persistent moral questioning, preventing oppressive value lock-in calls for foresight and collective effort. We must guard against any narrow ideology gaining permanent global power. It’s not enough to promote good values; we must also resist the societal conditions that allow harmful ones to take root unchallenged. This involves educating people to think critically, strengthening democratic institutions, and ensuring that diverse voices contribute to shaping the future. By keeping the moral furnace hot and malleable, we help ensure that human beings of the distant future inherit a world where they can still debate, refine, and improve upon the ethical standards they live under. This moral flexibility may be one of the greatest gifts we can offer those who will live after us.
Chapter 5: Anticipating The Risks That Advanced Artificial Intelligence Poses To Humanity’s Moral Evolution.
When we think of Artificial Intelligence (AI), we often imagine helpful machines assisting with chores, analyzing medical scans, or driving our cars safely. But the future could bring something far more powerful: Artificial General Intelligence (AGI), systems that can learn any intellectual task humans can and perhaps surpass human capabilities. If AGI becomes reality, its impact could be profound. It might accelerate economic growth beyond anything we’ve seen, or it could become a tool for some groups to enforce their values over all humanity. By coding AGI with particular goals and giving it immense power, its creators might achieve a sort of immortality for their worldview. If that worldview is harmful or overly rigid, it could lead to a locked-in system that shapes moral thought for millennia.
The danger lies in AGI’s potential to replicate and expand without limit. Software is easily copied; once you have a powerful AGI, you can duplicate it endlessly. Imagine a single value system, repeatedly imprinted on countless artificial minds who never die, never forget, and never change their core objectives. This scenario removes the normal checks that keep human societies evolving. Humans pass away, allowing new generations to form fresh moral insights. But immortal AGI would not share this natural cycle. If used by ideologically driven leaders, AGI could push out competing perspectives, shutting down moral debate and innovation. This would deprive future people of the chance to shape their moral landscape and could set humanity’s values in stone, for better or, frighteningly, for worse.
Even if AGI is decades or centuries away, the groundwork we lay today matters. Current research in machine learning, ethics in tech, and international regulations will influence how AGI is eventually developed and deployed. The uncertainty around the timeline—maybe as soon as a few decades or not for hundreds of years—means that preparing for these moral challenges now is wise. By encouraging transparency, fairness, and accountability in AI development, we can reduce the risk of disastrous outcomes. We must also foster global cooperation, since AGI, once unleashed, could affect everyone. If powerful AI systems arise in a world with no safeguards, no shared moral understanding, and no responsible oversight, we risk handing over humanity’s future to a force we cannot easily control.
One way to guard against harmful lock-in through AGI is to support diverse moral environments and responsible innovation. Instead of granting any single value system total control, we can design AI frameworks that value deliberation, adaptability, and continuous moral learning. Think of setting moral guardrails that ensure AGI respects human dignity and remains open to change. We can also invest in institutions, policies, and forums dedicated to ethical AI governance. By doing so, we encourage the development of advanced intelligence that enhances, rather than diminishes, our moral freedom. It’s about designing AI not as a rigid dictator but as a wise assistant, helping future generations discover better solutions to problems we have yet to imagine. Properly harnessed, AGI might lift humanity to new heights of understanding.
Chapter 6: Unraveling Existential Threats From Engineered Pandemics, Environmental Catastrophes, And Astral Collisions.
Beyond value lock-in and AGI dangers, humanity faces other threats that could wipe us out entirely or severely set us back. Consider the cosmic lottery: enormous asteroids occasionally pass near Earth. A direct hit by a large space rock could release energy millions of times greater than the most destructive bombs ever detonated. Efforts to track and potentially deflect dangerous space objects have increased over time, reducing our vulnerability. But cosmic threats are not the only risks. With advancing biotechnology, humans might create pathogens more contagious and deadly than anything found in nature. Such engineered pandemics could spread rapidly, leaving societies helpless. Meanwhile, environmental disasters accelerated by climate change could trigger food shortages, mass migrations, and global conflicts. Each of these dangers poses deep challenges for future generations.
Our increasing power over nature, ironically, makes us more fragile. We can mold genetic code and manipulate ecosystems, but in doing so, we risk unleashing forces we cannot control. Laboratories researching pathogens must adhere to strict safety standards, yet the historical record includes alarming lab leaks of deadly diseases. If malevolent individuals or groups intentionally engineer pathogens to harm others, the consequences could be catastrophic. Likewise, irresponsible environmental practices could degrade Earth’s habitability. Melting ice sheets, collapsing fisheries, and raging wildfires may become enduring features of our descendants’ lives if we do not change course. Tragically, we may only realize the severity of these threats once it’s too late, unless we act now to build resilience and prevent calamities we can foresee.
Even if humanity survives a catastrophic event that kills the majority of people, rebuilding a complex civilization would be incredibly difficult. While survivors might inherit abandoned factories, libraries, and machines, much of the knowledge embedded in global supply chains, cooperation networks, and specialized industries would be lost. Moreover, resources like easily accessible fossil fuels would be depleted, making it hard to re-industrialize. Without abundant energy sources, re-igniting advanced manufacturing, rebuilding medical infrastructure, and re-establishing technological progress could prove nearly impossible. We must remember that our modern world did not spring up overnight—it emerged from centuries of incremental advancements. If we push ourselves to the brink, we risk plunging future survivors into a dark age where rediscovering what we have achieved becomes a Herculean challenge.
Reducing existential risks requires foresight, cooperation, and investment. We must strengthen international efforts to regulate research in biotechnology, ensuring safety and preventing malicious misuse. Similarly, we must treat climate change with utmost seriousness, embracing cleaner energy sources, protecting ecosystems, and curbing wasteful consumption patterns. Building early detection systems, asteroid deflection capabilities, and global pandemic response networks can help shield future generations from sudden catastrophes. By prioritizing these issues, we act as guardians for countless yet-to-be-born people who would otherwise face needless suffering or extinction. Our choice is stark: either neglect these threats and hope luck is forever on our side, or rise to the challenge and systematically prepare for a future where humanity endures and continues to grow in wisdom and possibility.
Chapter 7: Facing The Dilemma Of Technological Stagnation And The Challenges Of Recovering After Collapse.
Technological progress has been a cornerstone of human development. From harnessing fire to launching satellites, each innovation has expanded our potential. But what if we slow down too much or stop progressing entirely? Technological stagnation might not sound as dramatic as an asteroid strike, yet it can be just as harmful in the long run. Stagnation means becoming stuck at a certain level of capability. It makes us vulnerable because we continue developing powerful destructive tools—like engineered pathogens or advanced weapons—without also evolving robust defenses, sustainable production methods, or cleaner energy systems. In a world where destructive inventions outpace protective ones, future generations might inherit a fragile civilization. Without continuous improvement, we leave them less equipped to handle crises and more prone to irreversible setbacks.
Imagine a severe global catastrophe that wipes out most of humanity. Survivors might find themselves in a world with rusting power plants, broken supply chains, and scattered remnants of digital archives. They could read about advanced technologies in old books, but without skilled engineers or stable production lines, it would be challenging to rebuild. Even renewable infrastructure like wind turbines or solar panels eventually deteriorates. Without the advanced industrial base that originally built them, replacing them becomes extremely difficult. Fossil fuels, once plentiful, might already be heavily depleted. This would leave survivors stuck, unable to re-spark an industrial revolution. Without modern energy sources, forging steel, producing cement, or manufacturing essential components for complex machines would be daunting. Re-emerging from such a collapse could take centuries, if it happens at all.
The risk of technological stagnation is intertwined with other existential threats. If we stagnate morally and technologically at the same time, we might never correct harmful values or develop solutions to emerging problems. It could create a status quo where societies languish under repressive conditions without hope of improvement. To avoid stagnation, we must continue exploring, inventing, and investing in knowledge. Encouraging education and research ensures that future generations inherit the means to adapt and overcome challenges. Diversifying our energy sources, improving recycling methods, and strengthening international cooperation all keep the wheels of progress turning. We want a future where people have the tools to solve problems we cannot yet foresee. In this way, we safeguard humanity’s resilience in an unpredictable universe.
Ultimately, preventing stagnation is about preserving possibility. Technological advancement is not just about fancy gadgets; it’s about enabling societies to respond creatively to new threats, improve health and education, and live more sustainably. If our descendants find themselves on a planet afflicted by warming climates, dwindling resources, or microbial dangers, we want them armed with more than desperation—we want them armed with knowledge and ingenuity. By valuing continuous improvement today, we bequeath an adaptable legacy. Rather than locking future people into a narrow, fragile existence, we give them the keys to a flexible, innovative future. Maintaining this progress requires careful choices, wise investments, and a global sense of responsibility that ensures we keep climbing upward rather than drifting into perilous stagnation.
Chapter 8: Designing Practical Strategies To Safeguard Our Shared Future And Strengthen Moral Exploration.
How can we tilt the scales toward positive outcomes, ensuring that future people enjoy a healthier, kinder, and more prosperous world? One essential strategy is embracing robustly good actions—those we feel highly confident are beneficial over the long run. For instance, investing in clean energy research not only reduces pollution but also protects fragile ecosystems, improves public health, and frees future generations from carbon dependency. Similarly, supporting education, global cooperation, and health initiatives helps societies become more resilient and compassionate. Robustly good actions also include maintaining peace, preserving cultural treasures, and encouraging open scientific inquiry. Each of these steps helps keep moral landscapes flexible while nourishing the seeds of positive change, ensuring that future minds can flourish rather than suffocate under harmful or stagnant systems.
Another approach is to widen our range of choices and keep as many doors open as possible. Developing diverse energy sources, nurturing multiple forms of governance, and exploring various social experiments help ensure that no single flawed path dominates. Like a traveler packing multiple tools for a journey, we want humanity equipped with many solutions. This ensures that if one path proves harmful or unsustainable, we can switch to a better option. Encouraging international dialogue, embracing different perspectives, and fostering innovation in fields like biotechnology, green chemistry, and artificial intelligence all create opportunities for improvement. Open-mindedness and pluralism become safeguards against future rigidity, allowing moral exploration to continue and ensuring we can adapt as our circumstances and understanding evolve.
Knowledge is power when it comes to building a better future. By prioritizing education, research, and information sharing, we invest in intellectual capital that can help future generations solve complex problems. Today’s scholars, scientists, ethicists, and engineers accumulate insights that tomorrow’s leaders can apply to new challenges. Whether it is studying sustainable agriculture to handle changing climates or delving deeper into the nature of consciousness to guide AI ethics, knowledge expands our toolbox. More importantly, knowledge empowers us to refine our values, carefully evaluate our actions, and avoid repeating history’s mistakes. Through rigorous learning and open debate, we keep moral progress alive and vibrant. We can prepare the groundwork so that the far future inherits not only our technologies but also the wisdom to use them responsibly.
Ultimately, safeguarding the future is a team effort. Governments can create regulatory frameworks to prevent risky biotechnological experiments, fund long-term research, and protect environmental resources. Nonprofit organizations can spread awareness, champion ethical standards, and direct philanthropic funds toward high-impact causes. Ordinary individuals can support political candidates who prioritize sustainability, donate to effective charities, and engage in public discussions to clarify collective goals. By weaving these threads together, we create a resilient tapestry of good actions. This tapestry can withstand shocks—economic downturns, social upheavals, or technological surprises—while maintaining a focus on long-term well-being. Over time, these strategies empower future generations to navigate uncertain landscapes with confidence, moral clarity, and the tools needed to continue the work of improving our shared human story.
Chapter 9: Taking Empowered Steps Through Wise Choices, Influential Work, And Responsible Parenting For A Thriving Tomorrow.
When it comes to making a positive impact, personal decisions matter. Choosing a career that addresses urgent global problems can be far more influential than making small lifestyle changes. For example, while going vegetarian to reduce carbon emissions is commendable, directing your energy and resources toward supporting clean energy initiatives can slash emissions on a far greater scale. Thoughtful philanthropy—donating even modest amounts to highly effective organizations—can yield enormous returns in health, education, or climate impact. Similarly, dedicating your professional life to fields that enhance the future’s prospects, like sustainable development, responsible AI design, or global health, magnifies the difference you make. By aligning personal ambitions with humanity’s long-term well-being, you transform your career and influence from a private pursuit into a powerful lever for change.
Politics also offers a potent avenue for shaping the future. Voting, volunteering for policy campaigns, and encouraging responsible governance can shift entire national agendas. Even a single legislative reform in energy policy, education funding, or pandemic preparedness can ripple through the future, affecting millions of lives. By engaging politically, we do not just shape our own environment; we help craft the ecosystem that future children and grandchildren will inhabit. Beyond voting, thoughtful dialogue with friends, family, and neighbors spreads awareness about existential risks, moral responsibilities, and beneficial reforms. Such discussions plant intellectual seeds that might bear fruit in ways we cannot predict—perhaps inspiring a friend to support a critical cause or influencing community leaders who are shaping tomorrow’s policies.
Parenting and having children, though personal choices, also have long-term consequences. New generations bring fresh perspectives, talent, and energy into the world. While it’s true that each child will have an environmental footprint, they can also grow up to contribute solutions, create art, or lead vital social reforms. The future’s vitality partly depends on population dynamics. Declining fertility rates could slow progress, reduce innovation, and limit our ability to develop robust defenses against emerging threats. By responsibly raising children who value empathy, critical thinking, and curiosity, we ensure that new minds can push forward our moral evolution. A balanced approach—fostering informed citizenship, environmental stewardship, and problem-solving skills—equips them to address challenges we cannot yet imagine, preserving the chain of improvement that stretches across centuries.
No single individual can guarantee a glorious future, but each person’s actions add up. Throughout history, social and political movements started with a few dedicated voices demanding change. Over time, these voices grew louder, gathering momentum until entire societies shifted their views. By seeing ourselves as contributors rather than bystanders, we accept the responsibility and privilege of shaping the future. Whether through our careers, political engagement, philanthropy, or parenting, we carry a spark forward. Nurturing that spark now helps ensure that countless future people—individuals who will never know our names—inherit a world filled with opportunity rather than despair. Our everyday choices matter, and by making them thoughtfully, we can influence humanity’s path, ensuring that long after we are gone, the torch of progress continues to burn brightly.
All about the Book
Discover the transformative ideas in ‘What We Owe the Future’ by William MacAskill, exploring effective altruism, long-term thinking, and how our choices today shape a brighter tomorrow for generations to come.
William MacAskill, a pioneering philosopher and ethicist, champions effective altruism, urging us to consider our impact on the future and optimize our resources for the greatest good.
Philosophers, Economists, Environmental Scientists, Policy Makers, Social Entrepreneurs
Reading philosophy, Engaging in charitable activities, Participating in environmental sustainability projects, Attending lectures on ethics, Discussions on future-oriented topics
Climate change, Global poverty, Future generations’ welfare, Ethical decision-making
The choices we make today will influence the world for generations to come.
Elon Musk, Malala Yousafzai, Peter Singer
Best Philosophy Book of the Year, Book of the Year by Goodreads, Society of Ethical Philosophers Award
1. How can we effectively consider long-term future impacts? #2. What responsibilities do we have towards future generations? #3. How does altruism shape our actions for tomorrow? #4. What are the risks of short-term thinking today? #5. How can we prioritize global problems for the future? #6. Why is existential risk a concern for humanity? #7. What strategies help ensure a better future for all? #8. How does effective altruism influence personal choices? #9. What role does technology play in future welfare? #10. How can we improve our decision-making for posterity? #11. Why is sustainability crucial for future survival? #12. How can we foster a culture of forward-thinking? #13. What lessons can history teach us about the future? #14. How do ethical considerations affect future planning? #15. What should we value most for future well-being? #16. How can we promote global cooperation for sustainability? #17. What is the significance of intergenerational justice? #18. How can small actions lead to big future changes? #19. What impact do our choices have on future lives? #20. How can we inspire others to think long-term?
What We Owe the Future, William MacAskill, philosophy of ethics, longtermism, future generations, ethical decision making, moral responsibility, impact of choices, book on existential risks, effective altruism, societal progress, sustainability and future
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