Introduction
Summary of the Book Word by Word by Kory Stamper Before we proceed, let’s look into a brief overview of the book. Have you ever wondered about the secrets that lie within the words you use every day? Imagine diving into a world where each chapter unravels the fascinating stories behind the language, revealing how words shape our thoughts and connect us to one another. This book invites you to embark on an exciting journey through the silent yet powerful realm of dictionaries and the dedicated people who bring them to life. Whether you’re a language enthusiast or simply curious about how words work, you’ll find yourself captivated by the intricate dance of letters and meanings. Get ready to explore the hidden wonders of language, discover the magic behind dictionary creation, and see how every word you speak and write plays a vital role in our ever-evolving world.
Chapter 1: Discovering the Silent World of Lexicographers and Their Unique Love for Quiet.
Choosing a career path can feel like navigating a vast, uncharted forest, especially when the options seem endless or unclear. Imagine a profession where your day is spent immersed in the beauty and complexity of words, meticulously analyzing their meanings and how they connect. This is the world of lexicographers, the dedicated individuals behind the creation of dictionaries. Unlike more bustling careers, lexicographers thrive in silence, finding peace and focus in the quiet corners of their workspaces. They carefully research and document words, ensuring that every entry in a dictionary is accurate and meaningful. This unique love for silence allows them to concentrate deeply, uncovering the subtle nuances that make each word special.
Lexicography, or dictionary writing, is a rare and specialized field that doesn’t often come to mind when considering career options. Unlike professions that are constantly expanding, the need for lexicographers remains steady, driven by the ever-evolving nature of language. Many people might not even realize that such a profession exists, making those who pursue it truly unique. Lexicographers come from diverse backgrounds, bringing a wide range of perspectives and expertise to their work. Whether they have a degree in English, mathematics, or even sports science, their common passion for language unites them. This diversity enriches the field, allowing for a comprehensive and inclusive approach to documenting the vast English language.
The day-to-day life of a lexicographer might seem solitary, but it’s filled with fascinating challenges and discoveries. Imagine spending hours delving into the origins of a single word, tracing its journey through history and different contexts. Each word has its own story, and lexicographers are the storytellers who capture these narratives. They analyze how words are used in various texts, from classic literature to modern social media, ensuring that dictionaries remain relevant and up-to-date. This meticulous process requires patience, attention to detail, and a genuine love for language. For those who find joy in uncovering hidden meanings and connections between words, lexicography offers a fulfilling and intellectually stimulating career.
Despite the solitary nature of their work, lexicographers play a crucial role in how we understand and use language every day. Dictionaries are more than just books; they are essential tools that help us communicate effectively and appreciate the richness of our language. By carefully selecting and defining words, lexicographers shape our linguistic landscape, influencing how we think and express ourselves. Their work ensures that language remains dynamic and adaptable, capable of evolving with societal changes and technological advancements. In a world where communication is constantly shifting, lexicographers provide the stability and clarity we need to navigate it confidently.
Chapter 2: Unraveling the Complexities of Grammar Beyond the Surface.
Grammar often feels like a set of strict rules that dictate how we should speak and write, but its true nature is far more intricate and fascinating. At first glance, grammar might seem straightforward, with clear guidelines about sentence structure and word usage. However, as you dive deeper, you realize that grammar is a dynamic and ever-evolving system that reflects the complexities of human communication. It’s not just about following rules; it’s about understanding the subtle ways in which language adapts to express our thoughts and emotions. This complexity makes grammar both challenging and intriguing, revealing the depth of our linguistic capabilities.
Lexicographers, the experts who compile dictionaries, recognize early on that grammar is anything but simple. They must categorize words into eight parts of speech: noun, verb, adjective, adverb, conjunction, interjection, pronoun, and preposition. This classification is not always straightforward, as some words can fit into multiple categories depending on their usage. Take the word ‘but,’ for example. In one sentence, it functions as a conjunction connecting two clauses, while in another, it might serve as a preposition. These nuances require lexicographers to think critically and consider the various contexts in which a word can be used, demonstrating that grammar is a flexible and adaptive aspect of language.
One of the most challenging aspects of grammar for lexicographers is dealing with the smallest and most common words, which often have the most complex and varied uses. Words like ‘the’ might seem insignificant, but they play a crucial role in shaping meaning and structure within a sentence. Deciding whether ‘the’ functions as an adjective or another part of speech can lead to intense debates among lexicographers, highlighting the intricate nature of language. These discussions show that grammar is not a rigid set of rules but a living, breathing entity that evolves with how people actually use words in everyday conversation and writing.
Understanding grammar also means confronting our own assumptions and biases about language. Many people believe they are grammar experts, confident in their ability to craft perfect sentences. However, when lexicographers delve into the intricacies of grammar, they often find that there are no absolute rules or definitive answers. This realization can be both humbling and enlightening, encouraging a deeper appreciation for the fluidity and adaptability of language. By exploring the complexities of grammar, lexicographers help us see language in a new light, recognizing it as a tool for expression that is as versatile and dynamic as the people who use it.
Chapter 3: Debunking Myths About Grammar and Embracing Its True Purpose.
When we hear the word ‘grammar,’ many of us immediately think of strict rules and corrections, often associating it with unpleasant experiences in school. The image of a stern teacher scolding students for using ‘who’ instead of ‘whom’ can create a negative perception of grammar. However, the reality is quite different. Grammar is not about enforcing rigid standards or judging others’ language use. Instead, it serves as a guide to help us communicate more effectively and understand each other better. By demystifying grammar, we can appreciate its role in enriching our language and enhancing our ability to express ourselves clearly.
People often mistake grammar for a system of right and wrong, leading to unnecessary criticism and judgment. For instance, seeing a sign that says ‘ten items or less’ might prompt someone to argue that it should be ‘ten items or fewer.’ This kind of correction misses the true essence of grammar, which is to facilitate communication rather than to police language. Grammar should open our minds to the diverse ways in which language can be used, allowing us to appreciate the creativity and flexibility inherent in human communication. By shifting our perspective, we can view grammar as a helpful tool rather than a set of limitations.
Engaging with grammar also means challenging our own linguistic prejudices and expanding our understanding of how words function in different contexts. Take the word ‘good,’ for example. In some situations, ‘good’ serves as an adjective, describing something positive. However, in other contexts, it can function as an adverb, modifying a verb. This duality can be surprising, especially if you’ve been taught to use ‘good’ strictly as an adjective. Lexicographers play a crucial role in documenting these variations, showing that language is more versatile than we might initially think. By embracing these complexities, we can become more flexible and effective communicators.
Ultimately, grammar is about capturing the way language is used in real life, not about adhering to outdated rules or imposing arbitrary standards. Lexicographers strive to reflect the living, evolving nature of language in their work, ensuring that dictionaries remain relevant and accurate. This approach allows grammar to be a source of creativity and expression rather than a source of anxiety or judgment. By understanding and appreciating the true purpose of grammar, we can enhance our communication skills and enjoy the rich, dynamic nature of the English language.
Chapter 4: The Surprising Truth About Words Once Considered Wrong and Their Forgotten Meanings.
Language is a living entity that constantly changes and adapts, sometimes embracing words that were once considered incorrect or nonsensical. Words that were dismissed as mistakes or improper use can later be recognized as valid expressions with their own unique meanings. This evolution highlights the dynamic nature of language and the role of lexicographers in documenting these changes. For instance, the word ‘irregardless’ has sparked much debate over its legitimacy, but its inclusion in dictionaries underscores how language accommodates diverse expressions and usages over time.
The controversy surrounding ‘irregardless’ illustrates how words can defy conventional expectations and still find a place in the dictionary. Initially, many people dismissed it as a blend of ‘irrespective’ and ‘regardless,’ questioning its necessity and correctness. However, ‘irregardless’ persisted in popular usage, particularly in certain regions and contexts, demonstrating that language is influenced by how people actually speak and write. Lexicographers, in response, included it in dictionaries while noting its nonstandard status, acknowledging its presence in everyday language even if it’s not widely accepted in formal contexts.
Debates like the one over ‘irregardless’ reveal the intricate relationship between language and society. Words often gain acceptance through widespread use and cultural significance, regardless of their initial reception by language purists. This process shows that dictionaries are not static repositories of rules but dynamic records that reflect the way people communicate. Lexicographers must navigate these changes carefully, balancing linguistic accuracy with the need to represent current usage. By doing so, they ensure that dictionaries remain relevant and useful resources for understanding language in all its forms.
Moreover, the story of ‘irregardless’ serves as a reminder that language is inclusive and adaptable, capable of evolving to meet the needs of its speakers. Even words that seem redundant or unnecessary can take on new meanings and functions, enriching the language and expanding its expressive potential. This adaptability is what makes language so powerful and resilient, allowing it to grow and change alongside the people who use it. Lexicographers play a vital role in capturing these shifts, preserving the history and diversity of language for future generations to explore and appreciate.
Chapter 5: Understanding the Two Major Types of Definitions and Their Impact on Dictionary Users.
When you look up a word in the dictionary, you might expect to find a complete and profound explanation of its meaning. However, lexicographers use two distinct types of definitions to capture the essence of words: lexical defining and real defining. Lexical defining focuses on how words are used in everyday language, describing their accepted meanings and contexts. Real defining, on the other hand, delves into the philosophical or abstract essence of a concept, seeking to understand its true nature. While real defining is the domain of philosophers and theologians, lexicographers concentrate on lexical defining to provide practical and accurate definitions for dictionary users.
Lexical defining is all about capturing the way words function in real-life communication. When you look up a word like ‘love,’ a lexicographer will provide definitions that reflect how the word is commonly used, such as expressing affection or strong liking. This approach ensures that dictionary entries are relevant and useful for people seeking to understand or use words correctly in various contexts. By focusing on lexical defining, lexicographers create entries that are clear, concise, and directly applicable to everyday language, helping users navigate the complexities of word meanings and usage with ease.
In contrast, real defining attempts to explore the deeper, often abstract meanings of words and concepts. Philosophers and theologians might ponder the true nature of love, questioning what it means to truly love someone or what distinguishes love from mere liking. This type of defining goes beyond the practical applications of language, seeking to uncover the fundamental essence of ideas and emotions. While fascinating, real defining is not the focus of lexicographers, who aim to provide definitions that are immediately accessible and applicable to the average dictionary user. This distinction helps maintain the practicality and user-friendliness of dictionaries, ensuring that they remain valuable resources for everyday language needs.
The difference between lexical and real defining can sometimes lead to confusion among dictionary users. People often turn to dictionaries seeking real definitions that explain the true meaning or essence of a word, but what they find are lexical definitions that describe how words are used in various contexts. This mismatch can result in frustration, as users might feel that dictionaries are not providing the depth of understanding they were hoping for. However, recognizing this distinction helps clarify the purpose of dictionaries and the role of lexicographers. By focusing on lexical defining, lexicographers ensure that dictionaries serve as practical tools for effective communication, reflecting the dynamic and varied ways in which language is used.
Chapter 6: The Three Essential Criteria Words Must Meet to Enter a Dictionary.
Have you ever wondered why some words make it into the dictionary while others don’t? It turns out that not every word gets a spot in these linguistic treasure troves. Dictionaries have specific criteria to decide which words deserve to be included. To be listed, a word must meet three essential standards: wide usage, longevity, and meaningfulness. These criteria ensure that dictionaries remain relevant and practical, focusing on words that are commonly used and have stood the test of time. Understanding these rules gives us insight into how language is curated and preserved in dictionaries.
The first criterion for a word to be included in the dictionary is wide currency, meaning it must be used regularly in print and everyday conversation. Imagine a word that only appears in a niche magazine or is used by a small group of people; such a word is unlikely to make it into a mainstream dictionary. Lexicographers look for evidence that a word is widely recognized and used across different platforms and publications. This widespread usage indicates that the word has significance and relevance, making it a worthy addition to the dictionary. Without broad usage, a word remains too obscure to be considered essential for most dictionary users.
The second criterion is longevity, which requires that a word has been in use for a substantial period. Dictionaries aim to include words that have demonstrated staying power, rather than fleeting trends or short-lived fads. Determining a word’s popularity and durability can be challenging, as language is constantly evolving. Take the word ‘snolligoster,’ for example. Once popular in the 19th century, it fell out of use by the 1980s but made a surprising comeback in the 1990s. This ebb and flow illustrate the difficulty lexicographers face in gauging a word’s long-term relevance. Words must prove their endurance over time to earn a place in the dictionary, ensuring that entries reflect a stable and enduring vocabulary.
The third and final criterion is meaningfulness, which means the word must have a clear and significant purpose in communication. A word like ‘anti-disestablishmentarianism,’ while long and complex, might not meet this criterion because it is rarely used and doesn’t contribute significantly to everyday language. Instead, it’s often cited as an example of a long word rather than serving a practical communicative function. Lexicographers prioritize words that add value and clarity to language, avoiding entries that exist solely for their novelty or complexity. By focusing on meaningfulness, dictionaries remain practical and useful tools for users, offering definitions that enhance understanding and effective communication.
These three criteria work together to ensure that dictionaries remain curated and relevant. By selecting words based on wide usage, longevity, and meaningfulness, lexicographers create dictionaries that accurately reflect the language people use every day. This careful selection process helps maintain the balance between preserving historical and widely recognized words while adapting to the evolving nature of language. As a result, dictionaries serve as reliable and authoritative resources, providing users with definitions that are both comprehensive and practical. Understanding these criteria not only demystifies the dictionary-making process but also highlights the meticulous effort behind every entry you look up.
Chapter 7: The Challenge of Finding Perfect Examples and the Risks of Creating Them.
Imagine trying to capture the essence of a word with just one sentence. It sounds simple, but finding the perfect example to illustrate a word’s meaning is actually quite challenging. Lexicographers, the people who compile dictionaries, spend a lot of time searching for sentences that clearly show how a word is used. These examples, known as citations, must meet specific criteria to ensure they accurately reflect the word’s common usage. This meticulous process highlights the dedication and precision required to create reliable and useful dictionary entries, making lexicography a demanding yet fascinating field.
One of the main challenges in finding good citations is ensuring that they represent the most common usage of a word. Lexicographers sift through countless texts, from classic literature to modern journalism, to find sentences that showcase how a word is typically used. These examples must also use only words that are already listed in the dictionary, maintaining consistency and clarity. The goal is to provide straightforward, unembellished examples that help users understand the word’s meaning without adding any unnecessary complexity or distraction. This focus on simplicity ensures that dictionary entries remain practical and easy to use for everyone.
However, creating examples from scratch is not always the best solution. While it might be tempting for lexicographers to craft exciting or memorable sentences, doing so can introduce biases and inaccuracies. Made-up examples might not accurately reflect real-world usage, leading to confusion or misinterpretation. For instance, an overly dramatic sentence might make a word seem more versatile or expressive than it actually is, skewing the user’s understanding. To maintain the integrity of the dictionary, lexicographers must prioritize accuracy and neutrality, even if it means the examples are somewhat mundane. This careful balance ensures that dictionary entries remain trustworthy and reflective of actual language use.
Despite the challenges, some lexicographers occasionally succeed in adding a touch of creativity to their examples. While rare, there are instances where a well-crafted sentence can enhance the entry without compromising its clarity. For example, a sentence like ‘She walked with portly grace’ effectively illustrates the meaning of ‘portly’ without becoming overly elaborate. These moments showcase the skill and creativity of lexicographers, who must navigate the fine line between informative and engaging examples. By adhering to strict guidelines while occasionally allowing for subtle creativity, lexicographers ensure that dictionaries remain both accurate and user-friendly resources for language learners and enthusiasts alike.
Chapter 8: Navigating the Political Minefield of Dictionary Revisions and Their Societal Impact.
Dictionaries are more than just collections of words; they hold a certain authority in society, shaping how we understand and use language. When lexicographers revise dictionaries, adding new words or updating existing entries, they sometimes find themselves at the center of heated debates. These revisions can reflect and influence societal changes, making the process both impactful and, at times, controversial. Understanding the politics behind dictionary updates reveals the delicate balance lexicographers must maintain between linguistic accuracy and societal expectations.
One notable example of the politicization of dictionary revisions occurred when Merriam-Webster released the 11th edition of its Collegiate Dictionary in 2003, adding thousands of new words. Among these additions was the slang term ‘fat,’ used to describe something very enjoyable, such as a ‘fat music beat.’ This inclusion sparked immediate backlash from some who felt the word’s new meaning was inappropriate or unwelcome. Such controversies highlight how language evolves alongside cultural shifts, and how dictionaries must adapt to these changes while navigating differing opinions and values within society.
Another instance of political tension in dictionary revisions involved the inclusion of terms related to same-sex marriage. When Merriam-Webster added an entry for same-sex unions, it expected some resistance but initially faced little opposition. However, as the entry gained attention, particularly from conservative media outlets, the reaction intensified. Critics argued that including same-sex marriage in the dictionary somehow endorsed or legitimized it, leading to a surge of complaints and a write-in campaign against the dictionary. This situation underscores how dictionary entries can become symbols in broader societal debates, reflecting the power of language to influence and mirror social values.
Despite these challenges, lexicographers remain committed to their primary goal: accurately reflecting how language is used by ordinary people. Dictionaries do not serve as moral arbiters but as repositories of language, documenting the words and meanings that emerge from everyday communication. By including terms that gain popularity and relevance, lexicographers ensure that dictionaries remain up-to-date and useful. This commitment often means facing criticism and controversy, but it also reinforces the importance of dictionaries as living documents that evolve alongside society. Through their diligent work, lexicographers help preserve the dynamic and ever-changing nature of language, allowing dictionaries to continue serving as essential tools for understanding and communication.
Chapter 9: The Hidden Stories Behind Words and Their Evolution Over Time.
Every word has a history, a journey that reflects the changes and developments in society. Words evolve, gain new meanings, and sometimes fade away, but their stories remain etched in the fabric of language. Lexicographers, the unsung heroes behind dictionaries, meticulously trace these journeys to capture the essence of each word. By exploring the origins and transformations of words, we gain a deeper appreciation for the dynamic nature of language and how it mirrors our collective experiences and cultural shifts.
Take the word ‘snolligoster,’ for example. This term, meaning a person without principles, was once popular in the 19th century but fell out of use by the 1980s. However, its resurgence in the 1990s, when a TV pundit used it to describe a controversial politician, highlights how words can be revived and repurposed in new contexts. This ebb and flow demonstrate that language is not static but responsive to the needs and influences of its speakers. Lexicographers document these changes, ensuring that the dictionary remains a relevant and accurate reflection of current language use while preserving the historical context that gives each word its unique character.
The evolution of words also reveals the impact of technology and globalization on language. As new inventions and cultural exchanges introduce novel concepts and ideas, existing words adapt to encompass these changes or give rise to entirely new terms. For instance, the internet has brought about a plethora of new words and phrases, many of which have quickly become integral parts of everyday vocabulary. Lexicographers must stay attuned to these developments, continuously updating dictionaries to include terms that capture the essence of our increasingly interconnected and digital world. This ongoing process ensures that dictionaries remain practical tools for understanding and navigating modern communication.
Furthermore, the stories behind words often reflect broader societal trends and values. Words related to social movements, political changes, and cultural shifts provide insight into the priorities and concerns of different eras. For example, the inclusion of terms like ‘same-sex marriage’ in dictionaries not only documents a significant social change but also acknowledges the evolving recognition and acceptance of diverse relationships. By capturing these linguistic milestones, lexicographers help preserve the historical narrative of language, allowing future generations to trace the development of words alongside the progression of society.
In essence, the hidden stories behind words are a testament to the resilience and adaptability of language. They illustrate how words are not just static symbols but living entities that grow and transform with us. Lexicographers play a crucial role in preserving these narratives, ensuring that each word’s journey is recorded and accessible to all who seek to understand the rich tapestry of language. By delving into the histories and evolutions of words, we gain a greater appreciation for the intricate relationship between language and the human experience, highlighting the profound ways in which words shape and are shaped by the world around us.
Chapter 10: Embracing the Joy of Language and the Role of Dictionaries in Our Daily Lives.
Language is more than just a means of communication; it’s a source of joy, creativity, and connection. Every word we use carries with it a world of meaning, emotion, and history. Dictionaries, often seen as dry and utilitarian, are actually vibrant repositories of this linguistic richness. They capture the beauty and complexity of language, providing us with the tools to express ourselves more clearly and creatively. By understanding the role of dictionaries and the meticulous work of lexicographers, we can unlock a deeper appreciation for the words we use every day.
One of the joys of engaging with a dictionary is discovering new words and their meanings. It’s like embarking on a treasure hunt, where each entry reveals something new and fascinating about the language. Whether you stumble upon an obscure term or a word you’ve always wondered about, the process of looking up definitions can be both educational and entertaining. This exploration not only expands your vocabulary but also enhances your ability to understand and appreciate the nuances of language. Dictionaries, therefore, serve as gateways to a richer and more varied linguistic experience, encouraging lifelong learning and curiosity.
Moreover, dictionaries play a crucial role in bridging the gap between written and spoken language. They provide context and examples that help us understand how words are used in different situations, making it easier to apply them correctly in our own communication. This practical guidance is invaluable, especially for students and language learners who are still mastering the intricacies of English. By offering clear definitions and usage examples, dictionaries help build confidence and competence, enabling us to express our thoughts and ideas more effectively. This empowerment through language is a fundamental aspect of personal and intellectual growth.
The tactile experience of using a physical dictionary also adds to the enjoyment of language. Flipping through its pages, seeing words in context, and tracing their etymologies can be a deeply satisfying experience. It connects us to the history and evolution of language, providing a tangible link to the past and a glimpse into the future. Even in the digital age, the physical presence of a dictionary can offer a unique and immersive way to engage with words, fostering a deeper connection to the language we use every day. Embracing this experience encourages us to appreciate the beauty and power of language, making dictionaries indispensable companions in our journey of linguistic discovery.
All about the Book
Dive into the fascinating world of dictionaries with Kory Stamper’s ‘Word by Word’, an insightful exploration that uncovers the intricacies of language, lexicography, and the beauty of words, perfect for language lovers and aspiring writers.
Kory Stamper is a renowned lexicographer and author, celebrated for her expertise in language and her engaging writing style that brings the world of dictionaries to life.
Linguists, Writers, Editors, Teachers, Legal Professionals
Reading, Writing, Language learning, Scrabble, Blogging about language
Misunderstanding the role of dictionaries, The evolving nature of language, Challenges faced by lexicographers, Importance of word choice in communication
Words are living things, and to define them is to understand their constant evolution.
Stephen King, Amy Tan, David Sedaris
American Book Award, 2018 Book of the Year, Best Non-Fiction Award
1. How do dictionaries shape our understanding of language? #2. What role do editors play in dictionary creation? #3. How is the definition of a word determined? #4. What surprises await in the history of words? #5. How does language evolve over time and usage? #6. Why are some words deemed “standard” in English? #7. How do regional dialects influence dictionary entries? #8. What challenges do lexicographers face in their work? #9. How should users approach dictionary definitions effectively? #10. Why is etymology important for word comprehension? #11. What does it mean to be a “living” dictionary? #12. How do new words find their way into dictionaries? #13. Why do languages borrow words from each other? #14. How can understanding context change word meanings? #15. What ethical considerations affect dictionary publishing? #16. How does slang fit into conventional language? #17. Why is pronunciation guidance crucial for dictionaries? #18. How are neologisms recognized in the language? #19. What misunderstandings arise from dictionary usage? #20. How does language reflect cultural and societal changes? # #These outcomes are designed to provoke thought and encourage further exploration of the topics presented in the book.
Word by Word book, Kory Stamper author, grammar and language, dictionary insights, linguistics books, English language history, language enthusiasts, word origins, writing tips and techniques, book reviews on language, language usage, etymology for writers
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